424B1
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PROSPECTUS

 

Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1)
Registration No. 333-251823

30,098,824 Class A Common Shares

 

 

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Patria Investments Limited

(incorporated in the Cayman Islands)

 

 

This is an initial public offering of the Class A common shares, US$0.0001 par value per share of Patria Investments Limited, or Patria. Patria is offering 16,650,000 of the Class A common shares to be sold in this offering. The selling shareholder identified in this prospectus is offering 13,448,824 of the Class A common shares to be sold in the offering. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of Class A common shares by the selling shareholder. Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Class A common shares. The initial public offering price per Class A common share is US$17.00. Our Class A common shares have been approved for listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, or Nasdaq, under the symbol “PAX.”

Following this offering, our existing shareholders, Patria Holdings Limited, or Patria Holdings, and Blackstone PAT Holdings IV, L.L.C., or Blackstone, will beneficially own 77.5% of our issued and outstanding share capital, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares referred to below. The shares held by Patria Holdings are Class B common shares, which carry rights that are identical to the Class A common shares being sold in this offering, except that (i) holders of Class B common shares are entitled to 10 votes per share, whereas holders of our Class A common shares are entitled to one vote per share, (ii) Class B common shares have certain conversion rights, and (iii) holders of Class B common shares are entitled to preemptive rights in the event that additional Class A common shares are issued in order to maintain their proportional ownership interest. For further information, see “Description of Share Capital.” As a result, Patria Holdings will control approximately 94.1% of the voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital following this offering, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares.

 

 

We are an “emerging growth company” under the U.S. federal securities laws as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 and will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. Investing in our Class A common shares involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 26 of this prospectus.

 

     Per Class A
common share
     Total  

Initial public offering price

   US$ 17.00      US$ 511,680,008  

Underwriting discounts and commissions

   US$ 1.19      US$ 35,817,601  

Proceeds, before expenses, to us(1)

   US$ 15.81      US$ 263,236,500  

Proceeds, before expenses, to the selling shareholder(1)

   US$ 15.81      US$ 212,625,907  

 

(1)

See “Underwriting” for a description of all compensation payable to the underwriters.

We and the selling shareholder have granted the underwriters an option for a period of 30 days from the date of this prospectus to purchase up to 4,514,823 additional Class A common shares at the initial public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions.

Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

We and the selling shareholder expect to deliver the Class A common shares against payment in New York, New York on or about January 26, 2021 through the facilities of the Depository Trust Company.

 

 

Global Coordinators

 

J.P. Morgan   BofA Securities   Credit Suisse

Joint Bookrunner

Goldman Sachs & Co.

Co-Managers

 

Bradesco BBI   BTG Pactual   Itaú BBA

 

Keefe, Bruyette & Woods           Santander   XP Investments

 

                          A Stifel  Company

The date of this prospectus is January 21, 2021.


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Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

 

     Page  

Summary

     1  

The Offering

     19  

Summary Financial and Other Information

     23  

Risk Factors

     26  

Presentation of Financial and Other Information

     83  

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

     89  

Use of Proceeds

     91  

Dividends and Dividend Policy

     92  

Capitalization

     94  

Dilution

     95  

Selected Financial and Other Information

     97  

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

     99  

Industry

     123  

Regulatory Overview

     151  

Business

     160  

Management

     192  

Principal and Selling Shareholder

     198  

Related Party Transactions

     201  

Description of Share Capital

     203  

Class A Common Shares Eligible for Future Sale

     221  

Taxation

     223  

Underwriting

     228  

Expenses of the Offering

     244  

Legal Matters

     245  

Experts

     245  

Service of Process and Enforcement of Civil Liabilities

     246  

Where You Can Find More Information

     249  

Index to Financial Statements

     F-1  

Neither we, the selling shareholder nor the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide any information other than, or make any representation about this offering that is different from, or in addition to, that which is contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we may have referred you. We and the selling shareholder take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. We, the selling shareholder and the underwriters have not authorized any other person to provide you with different or additional information. Neither we, the selling shareholder nor the underwriters are making an offer to sell, or seeking an offer to buy, the Class A common shares in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. This offering is being made in the United States and elsewhere solely on the basis of the information contained in this prospectus. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front cover of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of the Class A common shares. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since the date on the front cover of this prospectus.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we, the selling shareholder, any of the underwriters nor any of their affiliates have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction, other than the United States, where action for that purpose is required. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and

 

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observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of our Class A common shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

We own or have rights to trademarks, service marks and trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business, including our corporate name, logos and website names. Other trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, some of the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus are listed without the ® and symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to our trademarks, service marks and trade names.

Market data used throughout this prospectus is based on management’s knowledge of the industry and the good faith estimates of management. All of management’s estimates presented are based on industry sources, including analyst reports and management’s knowledge. We also relied, to the extent available, upon management’s review of independent industry surveys and publications prepared by a number of sources and other publicly available information. We are responsible for all of the disclosure in this prospectus and we believe that each of the publications, studies and surveys used throughout this prospectus are prepared by reputable sources and are generally reliable, though we have not independently verified market and industry data from third-party sources. None of the publications, reports or other published industry sources referred to in this prospectus were commissioned by us or prepared at our request. We have not sought or obtained the consent of any of these sources to include such market data in this prospectus. All of the market data used in this prospectus involves a number of assumptions and limitations and therefore is inherently uncertain and imprecise, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. Projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industry in which we operate are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Risk Factors” in this prospectus. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in our estimates and beliefs and in the estimates prepared by independent parties.

 

 

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus to “Patria” or the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “ours,” “us” or similar terms refer to Patria Investments Limited, together with its subsidiaries; Patria’s consolidated financial statements are included elsewhere in this prospectus. All references to Patria Brazil refers to Patria Investimentos Ltda.

The term “Brazil” refers to the Federative Republic of Brazil and the phrase “Brazilian government” refers to the federal government of Brazil. “Central Bank” refers to the Brazilian Central Bank (Banco Central do Brasil). References in the prospectus to “real,” “reais,” “Brazilian real,” “Brazilian reais,” or “R$” are to the Brazilian real, the official currency of Brazil. References to “U.S. dollar,” “U.S. dollars” or “US$” refer to U.S. dollars, the official currency of the United States of America and our functional currency. Unless stated otherwise, we have translated real amounts into U.S. dollars using a rate of R$5.641 to US$1.00, the commercial purchase rate for U.S. dollars as of September 30, 2020 as reported by the Central Bank.

All references to the “Companies Act” are to the Companies Act (2020 Revision) of the Cayman Islands as may be amended from time to time.

All references to “emerging growth company” shall have the meaning associated with that term in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012.

 

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SUMMARY

This prospectus summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary may not contain all the information that you should consider in making your investment decision, and we urge you to read this entire prospectus carefully, including the “Risk Factors,” “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections and our consolidated financial statements and notes to those statements, included elsewhere in this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our Class A common shares.

Overview

We are one of the leading private markets investment firms in Latin America in terms of capital raised, with over US$8.7 billion raised since 2015 including co-investments. Preqin’s 2020 Global Private Equity & Venture Capital Report ranks us as the number one fund manager by total capital raised for private equity funds in the past 10 years in Latin America. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our assets under management, or AUM, was US$12.7 billion and US$14.7 billion, respectively, with 16 and 15 active funds, respectively, as of the same dates, and our investment portfolio was composed of over 55 and 50 companies and assets, respectively, as of the same dates. Our size and performance over our 32-year history also make us one of the most significant emerging markets-based private markets investments managers.

We seek to provide global and Latin American investors with attractive investment products that allow for portfolio diversification and consistent returns. Our investment approach seeks to take advantage of sizable opportunities in Latin America while mitigating risks such as macroeconomic and foreign exchange volatility. We do so by focusing on resilient sectors—largely uncorrelated with macroeconomic factors—driving operational value creation, and partnering with entrepreneurs and management teams to develop some of the leading platforms in the region. Our strategy, applied since 1994 in our flagship private equity products (US$7.2 billion and US$8.5 billion in AUM as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and in its 6th vintage) and since 2006 in our flagship infrastructure products (US$4.6 and US$4.8 billion in AUM as of September 30 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and in its 4th vintage), has generated solid returns and sustained growth. The consolidated equal-weighted net internal rate of return, or IRR, in U.S. dollars for all our flagship private equity and infrastructure products since inception was 28.3% and 28.8% as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively (30.1% and 30.7% in Brazilian reais, respectively). We have overseen the deployment of more than US$17.0 billion through capital raised by our products, capital raised in IPOs and follow-ons, debt raised by underlying companies and capital expenditures sourced from operational cash flow of underlying companies, with more than 90 investments and over 215 underlying acquisitions as of September 30, 2020.

Our successful track record derived from our strategy and our strong capabilities has attracted a committed and diversified base of investors, with over 300 Limited Partners, or LPs, across four continents, including some of the world’s largest and most important sovereign wealth funds, public and private pension funds, insurance companies, funds of funds, financial institutions, endowments, foundations, and family offices. We have built long-term and growing relationships with our LPs: as of September 30, 2020, more than 60% of our current LPs have been investing with us for over 10 years and approximately 80% of our capital raised came from LPs who invested in more than one of our products. We believe our strategy and team have benefited from the investment of our partner, The Blackstone Group Inc., one of the world’s leading investment firms, which has held a non-controlling interest in our firm since 2010. We believe our historical returns in U.S. dollars are particularly notable in view of the levels of currency volatility and our historically limited use of leverage, which, we also believe, made us better investors focused on value creation, strategy execution and operational excellence, with more limited reliance upon financial engineering.



 

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Consistent with our entrepreneurial culture and our aim to provide attractive investment opportunities to our growing and progressively more sophisticated client base, we have applied our core competencies to develop other products around our strategy. From our initial flagship private equity funds, we developed other investment options, such as our successful infrastructure funds, co-investments funds (focused on successful companies from our flagship funds) constructivist equity funds (applying our private equity approach to listed companies), as well as other products based on our Brazil-specific products, such as our real estate and credit solutions funds.

As of September 30, 2020, we had 157 professionals, of which 46 were partners and directors, 20 of these working together for more than ten years, operating in ten offices around the globe, including investment offices in, Montevideo (Uruguay), São Paulo (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), and Santiago (Chile), as well as client-coverage offices in New York and Los Angeles (United States), London (United Kingdom), Dubai (UAE), and Hong Kong (China) to cover our LP base, in addition to our corporate business and management office in George Town (Cayman Islands).

Distribution Structure | Global Presence

 

 

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Source: Internal analysis. As of September 30, 2020. Geographic allocation does not include Patria GP commitments.

 

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The real/U.S. dollar exchange rate reported by the Central Bank was R$5.641 per US$1.00 on September 30, 2020.

Our Business

As an asset manager, our AUM is one of our most important key performance indicators, or KPIs, illustrating the evolution of our business in size, products, and capacity to generate revenues. We believe that the growth of our AUM is directly supported by our performance, and our ability to invest these assets to produce attractive risk-adjusted returns. Our calculation of AUM may differ from the calculations of other investment managers and, as a result, may not be comparable to similar metrics presented by other investment managers. AUM is defined in the section “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Certain Terms Used in this Prospectus as KPIs to Measure Operating Performance.”

From December 31, 2009 to December 31, 2019, our AUM increased from US$2.4 billion to US$14.7 billion at a compounded annual growth rate, or CAGR, of 20% per year (and an AUM of



 

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US$12.7 billion as of September 30, 2020). Our fee earning AUM, or FEAUM, defines the effective capital managed by us on which we derive management fees at a given time and as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was US$6.9 billion and US$6.8 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, further to the US$6.8 billion, we had a balance of over US$3 billion of committed capital to be deployed by our funds which were paying fees over the deployed capital, indicating a US$3 billion potential additional FEAUM (US$3.2 billion as of September 30, 2020). For more details on our annual performance, see “Business—Our Business.” Our AUM, in addition to our FEAUM, considers the appreciation of the assets and the capital under management which is not generating management fees at a given time, such as the committed and not yet deployed capital of funds, which charge management fees over the deployed capital. Another important indicator is our performance revenue eligible AUM, as it represents the total capital at fair value, on which performance fees and/or incentive fees could be earned if certain targets are met. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 approximately 80% of our total AUM was Performance Revenue Eligible AUM. The following chart illustrates our AUM growth curve:

AUM Patria (US$ billion)

 

 

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Brazil-specific products include Real Estate and Credit funds, and our Constructivist Equity Fund. There can be no guarantee that we will achieve comparable growth metrics in the future.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, approximately 90% of our AUM was concentrated in our two flagship products: private equity and infrastructure. Our Brazil-specific products include private credit funds and real estate funds, in addition to our Constructivist Equity Fund, or CEF, detailed below.

We have developed our private equity products since 1994, applying our investment approach to create leading companies in resilient sectors, such as healthcare and logistics. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our private equity product was in its 6th vintage with over US$7.2 billion and US$8.5 billion of AUM, respectively, with approximately 40 investments and 200 underlying acquisitions for the same periods. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the consolidated cash-weighted net IRR since inception for all our private equity products was 13.7% and 16.1% in U.S. dollars and 20.4% and 20.8% in Brazilian reais, respectively, with limited use of leverage.

We believe we have built one of the leading infrastructure investment products in Latin America in terms of AUM, considering our US$4.6 billion and US$4.8 billion of AUM as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and offered approximately US$1.0 billion of co-investment opportunities to date since its inception in 2006. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our infrastructure products had a consolidated cash-weighted net IRR since inception of 4.8% and 10.1% in U.S. dollars and 19.5% and 20.3% in Brazilian reais, respectively.



 

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Our CEF was launched in 2014 as a natural evolution of our successful private equity products, in order to take advantage of value creation opportunities in publicly listed companies in Brazil, while allowing clients access to our investment approach by means of a more liquid product. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our CEF had approximately US$200.0 million of AUM and a net compounded annualized return of 34.3% and 40.1% in Brazilian reais, or 16.2% and 26.7% in U.S. dollars, respectively.

Market Opportunity

The global savings industry has been impacted over the last decades by a liquidity boom that has made the global financial asset base grow from 6.5x global gross domestic product, or GDP, in 1990 to nearly 10x GDP in 2019. According to Preqin, AUM across private markets reached an all-time high of US$7.3 trillion in 2019 (excluding hedge funds and funds of funds), almost doubling since 2014. Private markets’ AUM grew at a compounded annual rate of approximately 13.4% in the last five years, outperforming the already favorable 9% per year recorded during the 2010-14 period. Similarly, with respect to capital raising, 2017 marked the first time that capital raised activity in private markets exceeded that of public markets in the United States, while the number of listed companies in the main U.S. stock markets fell to 4,397 in 2018 against a peak of approximately 8,100 in 1996.

We believe that the industry trends and opportunities in Brazil and in Latin America more broadly are similar. According to the Brazilian Financial and Capital Markets Association (Associação Brasileira das Entidades dos Mercados Financeiro e de Capitais), or ANBIMA, the total private markets asset base in Brazil has experienced a compound annual growth rate of 23% from 2009 to 2019, reaching an all-time-high of R$625.0 billion (approximately US$120.0 billion) in 2019 making private markets one of the fastest-growing asset classes within the asset management industry in the country. Yet, relative to other more developed economies, private markets in Brazil and elsewhere in Latin American are still in early stages and we expect inflows to such asset classes to strengthen.

The solid growth of investments in private markets, both in Brazil and Latin America as well as globally, has been driven by secular trends that we believe will continue to boost investor’s allocation to the industry, including the following:

 

   

Significant liquidity available in financial markets, given the solid expansion in investible capital from institutional investors and individuals—BCG’s 2020 Global Assets Management Report shows that total global market AUM grew 7% per year between 2014 and 2019, and forecasts it will grow 4% per year for the following 5 years (2019-2024). Private markets AUM is expected to grow even faster. According to Preqin’s The Future of Alternatives 2020 study, private markets AUM is expected to reach US$12.9 trillion by 2025 with a 12.4% CAGR from 2020 to 2025. According to Preqin, institutional investors plan to increase allocations across most asset classes within private markets, particularly in real estate (51% of respondents), infrastructure (66%), private debt (67%), and private equity (79%).

 

   

Institutional Investors searching for higher returns as they face challenges to reach their target returns in a low-yield environment—In the United States alone, the liability gap of U.S. public pension funds has widened substantially, reaching US$4.9 trillion by September 30, 2020, or close to 45% in assets-to-liabilities ratio, or A/L, from approximately US$1.6 trillion (67% A/L) in 2007. Given the business dynamics of institutional investors, allocation horizons tend to be longer, and illiquidity characteristics of private markets are usually tolerated in exchange for the prospect of higher returns. Indeed, allocations from pension funds into private markets assets has grown substantially in recent years and are expected to continue as one of the strategies to reduce such liability gap.

 

   

Family offices, private banks and HNWIs, who are seeking higher yields—Private markets have historically been an investment alternative mostly for institutional players. In recent years, however,



 

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general partners, or GPs, and other private asset distributors have realized the significant potential and latent demand of other segments such as family offices, high net worth individuals, or HNWIs, and retail investors. According to data from Morningstar, total AUM of listed alternative open-ended funds and exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, in Europe grew from less than EUR50.0 billion in 2008 to close to EUR450.0 billion in 2018, a 9.3x increase in the period. A survey from UBS with 360 family offices globally showed that alternatives and private market investments already hold an almost equal share in their portfolios compared to more traditional assets such as public equities and fixed income products (41.2% vs. 48.7%, respectively), and that capital allocation to the first group is likely to increase in the future in light of these families’ expectations—three out of the five most cited asset classes for allocation increase are private markets products, with private equity leading the list.

 

   

Consistent historical outperformance of private markets vs. public markets—A key benchmark used by investors and managers to assess investments in private markets is to compare their returns to the public markets equivalent, or PME, as both markets involve primarily equity investments. The PME methodology replicates the same investment cash flow (based on contributions and distributions) seen in a private equity investment to a chosen public market index and estimates its return. Historically, private markets funds’ returns have generally outperformed public markets investments, as shown by calculations using PME. A study from Cambridge Associates indicates an outperformance spread in returns of 460 bps for the S&P 500 modified public market equivalent methodology (which replicates private investment performance under public market conditions), or mPME, and more than 1,300 bps for the MSCI Europe mPME in favor of their private market counterparts over a five-year time horizon ending in March 2020, and the same picture holds irrespective of the period of analysis (5, 10 or 20 years). Please see the chart titled “Horizon pooled return compared to modified Public Market Equivalent (mPME) | As of March 31, 2020” in “Industry—Global Private Markets—Consistent historical outperformance of private markets vs. public markets” for additional information on the historical outperformance of private markets compared to public markets.

 

   

Development of liquidity alternatives through secondary funds—The secondary market for private markets assets is key to the development of the industry, as it creates a liquidity alternative for investors, reducing the typical withdrawal restrictions and consequently boosting appetite for new allocations. The global AUM of secondary products grew at a 14% CAGR from 2010 to 2019, coming from a robust average growth of 10% per year from 2010-2015 and accelerating to 18% per year from 2016-2019, reaching a total of US$300.0 billion globally (please see the chart titled “Secondaries AUM by Year (US$ billion)” in “Industry—Global Private Markets—Consistent historical outperformance of private markets vs. public markets” for details of the AUM curve).

In addition to these secular trends, we believe there is a specific opportunity in Latin America given the very low penetration of private markets’ asset base to GDP in comparison to other more mature markets. Private markets’ asset base in Brazil, for example, represents only 2.4% of the Brazilian GDP compared to an average of 8.3% of GDP globally and between 10% and 30% in countries such as Canada, Singapore, the United States and the United Kingdom. Moreover, we believe that Latin America, given its lower correlation to the U.S. and E.U. economies, represents a favorable diversification alternative for global investors who seek to rebalance their portfolios and increase exposure to emerging markets.

We believe we are also uniquely positioned to reap the benefits of a fast-developing Latin American market in capital raising. We also see three additional regional trends are likely to increase participation of local institutional and private investors in Latin America’s private markets:

 

   

Low interest rates—In Brazil, for example, interest rates had historically been in double digits for local currency debt, and through successive decreases, reached 4.50% p.a. as of December 31, 2019, further decreasing over the course of 2020 to 2.00% p.a. as from August 5, 2020. This trend, to varying



 

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degrees occurred in other markets in the region, greatly accelerated the regional transformation of domestic capital markets, which are now able to provide more effective financing for consumer spending and firms’ operations as local currency debt becomes affordable. This also accelerated a broad portfolio reallocation by individuals, institutional investors and family offices, who, seeking returns, started to move from traditional instruments and into new investment options, which has fueled a boom in local listings in the public markets, and also to private markets.

 

   

Bank disintermediation—Particularly in Brazil, whose traditional banking system concentrated over 90% of assets under custody in 2018 and since then has seen the emergence of independent brokers and advisors that have flourished based on a value proposition focused on better service and a broader and more cost-effective product portfolio.

 

   

Increased local financial awareness—As shown not only by the recent trends in the number of registered customers in the B3 S.A.—Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão, or B3, Latin America’s largest stock exchange market, which more than quadrupled in the last three years, but also by the number of listed alternative products such as real estate investment trust, or REITs, which grew from 26 in 2017 to 70 in 2019, with an increase in trading volume of more than 4.5x in the same period.

Our Competitive Strengths

Since our inception, we have grown to become one of the leading private markets firms focused on investing in Brazil and elsewhere in Latin America in terms of capital raised. We believe the following competitive strengths allow us to capitalize on industry trends and position us well for future growth:

Sustained strong investment performance track record across market cycles. We have produced strong long-term investment performance across our product offerings, generating consistent outperformance relative to benchmarks.

Since our inception in 1994 and as of September 30, 2020, we managed the deployment of more than US$17.0 billion through capital raised by our products, capital raised in primary offerings in IPOs and follow-ons, debt raised by underlying companies and capital expenditures sourced from operational cash flow of underlying companies, encompassing more than 90 investments and over 215 underlying transactions. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 51% and 66% of the total invested capital since inception for our flagship private equity and infrastructure products were marked above 2.0x MOIC in U.S. dollars and Brazilian reais, respectively (35% and 56% as of September 30, 2020, respectively). In addition, only 7% and 3% were marked below 1.0x MOIC in U.S. dollars and Brazilian reais, respectively (15% and 8% as of September 30, 2020, respectively).

As of December 31, 2019, when compared to PMEs, based on the MSCI Latin America and MSCI Emerging Markets indexes, our flagship funds delivered attractive excess returns. Infrastructure generated 10.1 percentage points, or p.p., above the PME MSCI LatAm and 7.2 p.p. over PME MSCI EM, while our flagship private equity funds generated 7.0 p.p. over PME MSCI LatAm and 8.5 p.p. over PME MSCI EM. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the cash-weighted net IRR consolidated for all our flagship private equity and infrastructure products since inception was 10.6% and 14.4% in U.S. dollars and 20.2% and 20.7% in Brazilian reais, respectively. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our equal-weighted net IRR, which is another usual metric to measure performance, was 28.3% and 28.8% in U.S. dollars and 30.1% and 30.7% in Brazilian reais, respectively.

We believe these results place us among the top private markets managers in the region in terms of performance. As of December 31, 2019, our flagship private equity products have returned a pooled cash-weighted net IRR of 16.1%, which exceeds the average of Latin American private equity managers by 13.0 p.p.



 

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Even comparing to emerging Asia, which is recognized as a high growth region, our private equity funds delivered a 4.3 p.p. premium in 2019. Additionally, our returns have consistently placed our flagship private equity products in the top quartile of performance of funds in emerging markets in most vintages according to Hamilton Lane and Cambridge Associates.

We believe an important driver in our ability to generate attractive returns is our ability to create operational value. We typically pursue investment strategies that can enable value to be created through operational improvements, without depending on economic cycles or financial engineering. We estimate that nearly 60% of value added to our private equity investments generally comes from direct operational improvements, such as revenue growth and margin expansion, and with respect to our infrastructure investments, from capturing a development premium on green-field projects. We estimate that the remainder of the value added to our private equity investments comes largely from the multiple premium we capture by consolidating small to medium sized companies into sector leaders.

In addition, our analytical tools, research capabilities, databases and processes have been developed and refined over more than 30 years of experience in successful private markets investing, creating an investment methodology that is repeatable and sustainable, but difficult for competitors to replicate.

Strong client relationship model and capital raising capabilities. We are one of the leading private markets firms in Latin America in terms of capital raised and therefore are among the world’s largest institutional investors focused on investments in Latin America. We have raised a total of US$16.6 billion since inception as of September 30, 2020, with a total of US$8.7 billion raised since 2015 including co-investments. Preqin’s 2020 Global Private Equity & Venture Capital Report ranks us as the number one fund manager by total capital raised for private equity funds in the past ten years outside North America, Europe and Asia. Our capital raising capabilities rely on a team of 22 individuals ranging from client coverage and product-specialists to investor relations officers. Our product specialist officers in the investment team have deep knowledge of investment and portfolio strategy and performance, not only to keep LPs and prospective LPs well-informed but also to promote a clearer understanding and deeper appreciation of our strategy, thus facilitating a richer dialogue and exchange and fostering a stronger bond with our LPs. We have accumulated years of data regarding the investment criteria and transaction behavior of many LPs, and we are well-positioned to match our clients with the most appropriate investment opportunities.

Our ability to access key decision makers, to understand our clients well, to respond to their needs and priorities, and to make our message well-understood is translated into strong capital raising and distribution capabilities that, although positively supported by investment performance, we believe is recognized by our clients as one of our distinctive strengths. We believe our capital raising capabilities are scalable to support our growth plans, based on our team, disciplined relationship-model and systematic go-to-market approach.

Highly attractive and scalable business model with robust growth trajectory. We participate in an industry that is growing rapidly. We believe we are among the market leaders in our industry in Latin America and have a strong reputation in investing and client service and our goal is to exceed the industry’s growth rate, driving continued expansion of our recurring management fees and incremental performance fees.

From 2009 to 2019, our AUM increased at a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, of 20%. For details on our AUM growth, see“—Our Business—AUM Patria (US$ billion) and number of funds.” We have a strong business with two main revenue streams: management fees and performance or incentive fees. The first provides us with highly predictable cash flows, as we enter into closed ended fund management agreements with our LPs, usually with terms of 10 to 12 years. As of December 31, 2019, based on our annual estimates, over 80% of our total management fees projected for the next three years were already contracted, considering our investment and divestment forecasts and the expected performance of evergreen funds. As of December 31, 2019, 74% of our



 

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committed capital had a remaining tenor of over five years, while 23% was from three to five years, and only 2% was below three years, in addition to 1% of perpetual capital. As of September 30, 2020, 73% of our committed capital had a remaining tenor of over five years, while 13% was from three to five years, and 12% was below three years, in addition to 3% of perpetual capital. Performance fees give us the possibility of upside remuneration associated with performance. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 the sum of our non-realized performance fees was over US$60.0 million and US$290.0 million, respectively. This metric is defined in the section “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Certain Terms Used in this Prospectus as KPIs to Measure Operating Performance.” As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, 86% and 85% of our AUM was eligible for performance revenue and 79% and 78% was subject to catch-up of which 89% and 87% was subject to full catch up, respectively. The full catch-up clause is intended to make the manager whole so that the performance fee is a function of the total return and not solely the return in excess of the preferred return. Given the highly recurring nature of our earnings, we have paid substantial dividends. In the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, dividends paid to our shareholders were US$39.5 million, US$46.9 million and US$38.0 million, respectively.

The long-lived, stable nature of our positive working capital enhances the resiliency of our business model. The nature of our operations enables us to collect part of our management fees at the beginning of each semester (as deferred revenues typically recorded in interim periods) before incurring day-to-day business expenses. Adding to the strength of our balance sheet, we do not have relevant debt obligations and do not depend on leverage to grow. Our exponential growth in AUM was accompanied by relevant investments in our systems and back-office. Automatized and efficient, our back-office is scalable for larger volumes of investments and can accommodate growth without material investments in infrastructure.

Seasoned management team with entrepreneurial spirit and professional culture. As of September 30, 2020 we had a senior management team, comprised of 46 members, who averaged 20 years of investment experience. Most of our partners have been working together for more than 15 years, while partners and directors for more than 10 years on average. The senior team is highly aligned with our clients’ objectives, as approximately 3.5% of the capital commitments to our active funds as of December 31, 2019 were made by the partners and the Patria team. Our team includes more than 64 investment professionals who are focused on private markets investing and 22 client coverage professionals based in São Paulo, New York, Los Angeles, London, Dubai, and Hong Kong. Our team blends professionals with complementary competences and experiences, who bring different perspectives to our investment and management decisions, all of whom are committed to sustainable solutions and fully adherent to environmental, social and governance, or ESG, standards. Our operating partners, usually, former C-level executives from the sectors in which we invest, our value creation team staffed by senior functional specialists, and our transactions group of M&A specialists complement the business development competences of our investment team. We also have what we believe to be one of the best entry level programs in our sector: Patria Academy, our internship program with approximately 100 applicants per position. We also offer our employees the opportunity to rotate between multiple roles. For more information on our management, see “Management.”

Our entrepreneurial spirit, professional culture, and partnership proposition disseminated at scale are powerful variables that contribute to our execution capabilities and most importantly to the attraction and retention of talents across all of our different areas. We believe that our recognized brand, aligned with our award-winning internship program, allows us to attract the best in class students from top universities constantly sourcing young talents. Our name, together with our cutting edge deals, and our multiple and challenging career paths attract the best people in the market. Our culture, aligned with a meritocratic environment and a partnership open to all and fast career development, help us to retain our talents.

Unparalleled brand equity as one of the thought leaders in the region. The performance of our funds attracts and retains many of the largest and most relevant institutional global investors. We evolved to become



 

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one of the trusted partners to many of our clients in Latin American investment decisions. The recognition from such renowned investors reinforces our brand equity and strongly leverages our capital raising capabilities to attract new investors and increase our share of wallet of current clients.

Our more than 30 years of successful investments in Latin America have made Patria one of the most recognized private markets investors in the region, especially in the industries in which we focus. Our strong reputation in the Latin American business community attracts talented entrepreneurs, who naturally approach us when seeking a partner to grow, allowing Patria to invest at attractive entry valuations.

Divestment activities are also positively impacted by our brand equity recognition. Public markets and large corporations, which are the usual buyers of our portfolio companies, recognize our track record of building and structuring great companies, with good governance, teams and processes.

Business Growth Strategy

The alternative investment industry has experienced significant and consistent growth, which we expect to continue and contribute to our future growth. Given our market position as one of the leaders in terms of capital raised and strong reputation in investing and client service, our objective is to continue to leverage the following strategic advantages to exceed the industry growth rate. We believe that the following will continue to serve as the primary drivers of our growth:

Grow addressable market. Alternative investments are expected to continue to grow vigorously and sustainably in the long-term. According to Preqin’s The Future of Alternatives 2020 study, private markets AUM is expected to reach US$12.9 trillion by 2025 with a 12.4% CAGR from 2020 to 2025. We believe that many global investors are currently underinvested in private markets asset classes and that capturing capital inflows into private capital investing from international global markets represents a significant growth opportunity for us. We believe that global investors will increasingly: (i) search for higher returns, especially by institutional investors, as they face challenges to reach target returns or to close actuarial gaps, (ii) seek more exposure to the consistent historical outperformance of private versus public markets, and (iii) make use of significant liquidity available in financial markets.

We believe the penetration of Latin America investments as a share of total global private markets investments can increase from the historically low levels. According to Preqin database, as of December 2019, AUM managed by Latin American managers accounted for less than 1% of global AUM, while Latin America GDP in 2019 represented 6% of global GDP. We believe that the volume of capital flowing to private markets in Latin America will increase substantially, driven by positive economic and currency cycles and the low correlation between the Brazilian economy and global economy, which makes Brazil an attractive diversification alternative for global investors. In addition, Brazil has been experiencing unprecedented low interest rates, supporting a financial deepening that may drive a substantial reallocation of local capital into private market investments.

Continue to diversify and grow our client base of large global investors. We have a strong, diversified and sophisticated client base of over 300 LPs, of which the top 20 investors accounted for US$4.7 trillion in AUM across private markets. As of September 30, 2020, our investors include: (i) 6 of the world’s 10 largest sovereign wealth funds (including LPs with indirect investments); (ii) 10 out of the world’s 20 largest pension funds; and (iii) 6 out of the US’s 10 largest pension funds. As of September 30, 2020, more than 60% of total commitments to our funds were made from LPs investing with us for over 8 years. From 2014 to September 2020, the commitments among recurring clients increased by over 33% for our flagship products. We intend to continue to expand our relationships with existing clients and also intend to capitalize on significant opportunities in new client segments globally and in Brazil, such as high-net-worth individuals, regional and local institutional



 

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investors and also mass affluent investors. We believe these investors offer an attractive opportunity to further diversify and grow our client base because many of them only recently have begun to invest in, or increase their allocations to, private markets investments.

Continue to increase our innovative private markets product portfolio. Starting from our traditional private equity platform, we developed a wide range of products to better meet the needs of our ever-growing client base. Today, our portfolio comprises sophisticated private equity and infrastructure funds as well as more accessible products such as our Constructivist Equity Fund and listed real estate funds.

We believe there is growing demand for an expanded product offering leveraging on our investment approach and current capabilities, which could address the specific needs of both our current global institutional client base and potential Latin American investors, including institutional funds, private wealth managers and the affluent retail investors. We expect to continue developing new offerings, including, for example, more co-investment alternatives and sector- or thematic-focused funds (e.g. Core Infrastructure and Impact Private Equity).

Expand access to channels. While we have established a solid direct communication program with global institutional investors, we aim to continue leveraging our existing investor relations and marketing capabilities to access new relationships and investor segments. In addition to continuing to cultivate our rich direct relationship with our current global client base, we expect that deepening our relationship with distributors, private banks, and digital platforms may significantly enhance the marketing potential of our products in Brazil, in Latin America, and globally.

Tap a growing demand for private market investment products in Latin America. We believe that we are uniquely positioned to reap the benefits of secular trends in Latin America that are driving growing demand for private market investment products. Historically low interest rates coupled with bank disintermediation create opportunities for growth. We believe our platform has the investment track record and distribution expertise required to expand our capital raising in Latin America by leveraging and expanding our existing local investment products, such as our CEF, which as of September 30, 2020 had approximately US$200.0 million of AUM and a net compounded annualized return of 34.3% in Brazilian reais or 16.2% in U.S. dollars.

Why We Are Going Public

We have decided to become a public company for the following reasons:

 

   

to fund our future GP capital commitments in light of our expansion plan;

 

   

to become even more attractive by way of having publicly-traded securities that can be used as consideration for mergers and acquisitions, boosting our competitive advantages as a buyer and as a partner for other platforms;

 

   

to enhance our ability to continue investing in our teams, both by providing attractive equity compensation packages to our existing employees and by bringing new talents to our organization; and

 

   

to accelerate our growth through acquisitions, consolidating our position as a leading private markets investment firm in terms of capital raising in Brazil and Latin America.

Recent Developments

Our and our funds’ results for the three months and the year ended December 31, 2020 are not yet complete and will not be available until after the completion of this offering. Accordingly, the following discussion reflects certain preliminary information regarding certain of our and our funds’ results and key performance indicators



 

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for these periods. The results and key performance indicators discussed below are preliminary and subject to revision based upon the completion of our and our funds’ year-end financial closing processes as well as the related audit of the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. There is no assurance that these results are indicative of our or our funds’ final results for the three months and the year ended December 31, 2020 or in any future period.

Preliminary Results for Fourth Quarter of 2020 and Full Year 2020

In the three months ended December 31, 2020, we expect: (i) our revenue from services (excluding performance fees) to have increased slightly as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2019, primarily as a result of higher revenues from management fees, partially offset by lower incentive fees; (ii) our Fee Related Earnings (FRE) to have increased slightly as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2019, as a result of the slightly higher revenue from services (excluding performance fees); and (iii) not to have Performance Fees realizations.

In the year ended December 31, 2020, we expect: (i) our revenue from services (excluding performance fees) to have slightly decreased as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily as a result of the lower incentive fees of our CEF funds, partially offset by higher management fees; (ii) our cost of services rendered to have decreased as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily as a result of lower bonuses and rewards because of lower incentive fees related to CEF Funds; (iii) our Fee Related Earnings (FRE) to have increased as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily as a result of the lower cost of services rendered, partially offset by the lower revenue from services (excluding performance fees); and (iv) not to have Performance Fees realizations.

Funds Returns

The table below provides a comparison of returns for the periods indicated:

 

     For the Year Ended December 31,  
     2020     2019     2020     2019  
     Low     High     Actual     Low     High     Actual  
     (In US$)     (In R$)  

Cash Weighted (Net IRR)

            

Private Equity (core + co-investments)

     15.7     16.3     16.1     22.2     22.6     20.8

Infrastructure (core + co-investments)

     5.6     6.6     10.1     18.7     19.7     20.3

PE + Infra (core + co-investments)

     12.8     13.6     14.4     21.5     22.1     20.7

Equal Weighted (Net IRR)

            

Private Equity (core + co-investments)

     29.4     29.6     29.6     31.3     31.5     31.3

Infrastructure (core + co-investments)

     11.1     12.9     12.5     25.4     27.0     23.2

PE + Infra (core + co-investments)

     28.7     28.9     28.8     30.9     31.1     30.7

Net Compounded Annualized Return

            

CEF

     19.6     19.6       35.7     35.7     40.1

MSCI LATAM (Alpha in p.p.)

            

Private Equity (core + co-investments)—CW

     11.6       12.2       7.0        

Infrastructure (core + co-investments)—CW

     11.7       12.7       10.1        

MSCI EM (Alpha in p.p.)

            

Private Equity (core + co-investments)—CW

     7.1       7.7       8.5        

Infrastructure (core + co-investments)—CW

     2.4       3.4       7.2        


 

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In 2020, considering mid-range returns, our funds achieved a home run ratio (defined as companies with market value at or above 2x multiple on invested capital, or MOIC) represented, for our flagship private equity and combined private equity and infrastructure products, 52% and 45% of the total equity value of the companies held by such funds in U.S. dollars, respectively (or 68% and 71% in Brazilian reais, respectively). Based on the same assumptions, our funds had a loss ratio (defined as companies with market value below 1x MOIC) of 12% and 12%, respectively (or 7% and 7%, in Brazilian reais, respectively).

Assets under Management

The following table presents certain key operating performance metrics for the periods indicated:

 

     For the Year Ended December 31,  
             2020                      2019          
     Low      High      Actual  
     (in US$ millions)  

Assets under management (AUM)

     14,195        14,621        14,748  

Private Equity AUM

     8,480        8,775        8,511  

Infrastructure AUM

     4,662        4,758        4,765  

Brazil-specific Products AUM

     1,053        1,088        1,473  

Fee earning AUM

     7,564        7,862        6,870  

Private Equity AUM

     3,307        3,387        2,958  

Infrastructure AUM

     3,235        3,401        3,187  

Brazil-specific Products AUM

     1,022        1,074        724  

Performance revenue eligible AUM

     12,109        12,475        12,481  

Private Equity AUM

     7,624        7,890        7,461  

Infrastructure AUM

     3,810        3,889        4,071  

Brazil-specific Products AUM

     675        697        949  

Non-realized performance fee

     248        305        292  

As of December 31, 2020, the expected AUM breakdown of our Brazil-specific Products was between: (i) US$253.1 million and US$266.1 million for Listed Equities (CEF); (ii) US$561.2 million and US$577.3 million for Real Estate; and (iii) US$238.9 million and US$245.0 million for Credit.

Fundraising and Client Metrics

In 2020, we raised US$1.4 billion in new capital, increasing our total historical fundraising volume to US$16.6 billion as of December 31, 2020 compared to US$15.2 billion as of December 31, 2019. Considering capital raised from Brazilian investors, in 2020 we raised R$3.0 billion of new capital, totaling R$7.3 billion since 2009.

Capital Deployment

In 2020, we deployed US$1.5 billion of capital from our funds. As of December 31, 2020, our private equity strategy had invested in 40 platforms with more than 240 transactions since inception, while our infrastructure strategy had invested in 20 platforms, 70% of which were newly created by us. In 2020, our private equity and infrastructure strategies carried out an aggregate of 37 transactions and new investment projects. Considering investments made in 2020, approximately 88% of capital deployed through our private equity and infrastructure strategies was allocated to our core investment sectors, given we deployed approximately 81% for private equity and 100% for infrastructure.



 

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Payment of Dividends

On December 28, 2020, we paid dividends to our shareholders in an aggregate amount of US$25.0 million.

In addition, on January 21, 2021, we paid dividends to our shareholders in an aggregate amount of US$23.3 million.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Preliminary Information

The preliminary results and key performance indicators discussed above are subject to revision based upon the completion of our and our funds’ year-end financial closing processes as well as the related audit of the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. The information presented herein should not be considered a substitute for full financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS. We caution you that these preliminary results and indicators are not guarantees of future performance or outcomes and that actual results may differ materially from those described above. For additional information, see “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.” This information should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Our Corporate Structure

On December 1, 2020, we entered into a purchase agreement among Blackstone and certain of its affiliates, Messrs. Alexandre T. de A. Saigh, Olimpio Matarazzo Neto and Otavio Lopes Castello Branco Neto, or the Founders, and certain entities affiliated with the Founders, or the Founder Entities, and Patria Brazil, as part of a corporate reorganization pursuant to which (1) Patria Holdings acquired 100,000 of our common shares (prior to giving effect to the Share Split (as defined below)) (or 10% of our existing common shares) that were beneficially owned by Blackstone (the “Purchase”) and (2) the 19.6% non-controlling interest in Patria Brazil currently held by Blackstone and the 29.4% non-controlling interest in Patria Brazil currently held by one of the Founder Entities will be reorganized as follows (the “Roll-Up”): (i) the direct interest held by Blackstone in Patria Brazil will be contributed to us in exchange for three of our Class A common shares to be issued to Blackstone; and (ii) the direct interest held by such Founder Entity will be redeemed in its entirety at par value for a promissory note and one of the Founder Entities will contribute the promissory note to us, in consideration for which we will issue seven of our Class B common shares to Patria Holdings. We refer to these transactions collectively in this prospectus as our “corporate reorganization.” The Purchase closed on January 6, 2021 and the Roll-Up is expected to close in the first half of 2021. With respect to any dividend we pay in connection with the 2020 calendar year, we have agreed to pay the amount of such dividend relating to such 100,000 shares to Blackstone. Upon the consummation of our corporate reorganization, Patria Brazil will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Additionally, on January 13, 2021, we carried out a share split of 117.0:1 or the Share Split. As a result, our share capital represented by 1,000,000 shares was increased to 117,000,000 shares.

After accounting for the new Class A common shares that will be issued and sold by us in this offering and the Share Split, we will have a total of 133,650,000 common shares issued and outstanding immediately following this offering, an aggregate of 81,900,000 of these shares will be Class B common shares beneficially owned by Patria Holdings, and an aggregate of 51,750,000 of these shares will be Class A common shares beneficially owned by investors purchasing in this offering and Blackstone (in the aggregate). See “Principal and Selling Shareholder.” In addition, following the offering we will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards and as such plan to rely on available exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.



 

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The following chart shows our corporate structure and equity ownership, after giving effect to this offering and our corporate reorganization. This chart is provided for illustrative purposes only and does not show all of the legal entities:

 

 

LOGO

Summary of Risk Factors

An investment in our Class A common shares is subject to a number of risks, including risks relating to our business and industry, risks relating to Brazil and risks relating to the offering and our Class A common shares. The following list summarizes some, but not all, of these risks. Please read the information in the section entitled “Risk Factors” for a more thorough description of these and other risks.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

 

   

The global outbreak of the novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, has caused severe disruptions in Latin America and global economies and is adversely impacting, and may continue to adversely impact, our performance and results of operations.

 

   

Difficult market and geopolitical conditions can adversely affect our business in many ways, each of which could materially reduce our revenue, earnings and cash flow and adversely affect our financial prospects and condition.

 

   

A period of economic slowdown, which may be across one or more industries, sectors or geographies, could contribute to adverse operating performance for certain of our funds’ investments, which would adversely affect our operating results and cash flows.



 

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An increase in interest rates and other changes in the debt financing markets could negatively impact the ability of our funds and their portfolio companies to obtain attractive financing or refinancing and could increase the cost of such financing if it is obtained, which could lead to lower-yielding investments and potentially decrease our net income.

 

   

If we cannot make the necessary investments to keep pace with rapid developments and change in our industry, the use of our services could decline, reducing our revenues.

 

   

Our revenue, earnings, net income and cash flow can all vary materially and be volatile from time to time, which may make it difficult for us to achieve steady earnings growth on a quarterly basis and may cause the price of our Class A common shares to decline.

Certain Factors Relating to Latin America

 

   

Governments have a high degree of influence in the economies in which we operate. The effects of this influence and political and economic conditions in Brazil and Latin America could harm us and the trading price of our Class A common shares.

 

   

Developments and the perceptions of risks in other countries, including other emerging markets, the United States and Europe, may harm the economy of the countries in which we operate and the trading price of our Class A common shares.

 

   

Economic uncertainty and political instability in Brazil and other countries of Latin America, including as a result of ongoing corruption investigations, may harm us and the price of our Class A common shares.

 

   

Inflation and government measures to curb inflation may adversely affect the economies and capital markets in some of the countries in where we operate, and as a result, harm our business and the trading price of our Class A common shares.

 

   

Exchange rate instability may have adverse effects on the Brazilian and other countries of Latin American economies, which may, in turn affect our business and the trading price of our Class A common shares.

Certain Factors Relating to Our Class A Common Shares and the Offering

 

   

There is no existing market for our common shares, and we do not know whether one will develop to provide you with adequate liquidity. If our share price fluctuates after this offering, you could lose a significant part of your investment.

 

   

Patria Holdings will own all of our issued and outstanding Class B common shares, which represent approximately 94.1% of the voting power of our issued share capital following the offering, and will control all matters requiring shareholder approval. Patria Holdings’ ownership and voting power limits your ability to influence corporate matters.

 

   

Class A common shares eligible for future sale may cause the market price of our Class A common shares to drop significantly.

 

   

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability. The rights of our shareholders, including with respect to fiduciary duties and corporate opportunities, may be different from the rights of shareholders governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated in Bermuda in July 2007 as a limited liability exempted company and changed the jurisdiction of our incorporation to the Cayman Islands on October 12, 2020. Our principal executive offices are



 

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located at 18 Forum Lane, 3rd floor, Camana Bay, PO Box 757, KY1-9006, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. Our telephone number at this address is +1 345 640 4900.

Investors should contact us for any inquiries through the address and telephone number of our principal executive office. Our principal website is www.patria.com. The information contained in, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated into this prospectus or the registration statement of which it forms a part.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

 

   

the ability to present more limited financial data for our initial registration statement on Form F-1, including presenting only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of selected financial data, as well as only two years of related management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations disclosure;

 

   

an exemption from the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting which would otherwise apply in connection with the filing of our second annual report on Form 20-F following consummation of this offering;

 

   

reduced disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements in our periodic reports, proxy statements and registration statements; and

 

   

exemptions from the requirements of holding non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation and golden parachute arrangements.

We may take advantage of these provisions for up to five years or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company if we have more than US$1.07 billion in annual revenue, have more than US$700.0 million in market value of our Class A common shares held by non-affiliates or issue more than US$1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these reduced burdens. We have taken advantage of reduced reporting requirements in this prospectus. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than you might get from other public companies in which you hold equity.

In addition, under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies who prepare their financial statements in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or U.S. GAAP, can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. Given that we currently report and expect to continue to report under International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the IASB, we will not be able to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required by the IASB. In addition, following the offering, we will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards and as such plan to rely on available exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

Impacts of COVID-19

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, most emerging economies where we operate have seen portfolio capital outflows from equity and fixed income markets to safe haven assets such as U.S. treasuries and gold.



 

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Brazil, in particular, had approximately US$32.0 billion of short-term capital outflows in the first five months of 2020. As a result, the Brazilian real depreciated 29% against the U.S. dollar year-to-date as of September 30, 2020; and according to our estimates based on purchasing power parity, or PPP, the Brazilian real had 30% undervaluation in comparison to the U.S. dollar. Also, according to our estimates based on PPP, the same would be true for currencies of other major economies in the region, such as Mexico (23%), Colombia (17%) and Chile (12%).

Despite the magnitude of the ongoing effects of the pandemic, we believe that our results have demonstrated resilience. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 our net income was 9.9% higher when compared to the same period of 2019. Over 70% of our revenues in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were in U.S. dollars as of September 30, 2020, which reduced the effects of currency devaluation in the countries in which we operate on our operational results. Over 80% of our expected management fees for the next three years were already contracted, given the nature of our business and our long-term contracts with our clients. Additionally, we believe the structurally positive working capital of our business allowed us to endure the pandemic without experiencing significant liquidity issues, given we are able to collect part of our management fees at the beginning of each semester (as deferred revenues typically recorded in interim periods) before incurring day-to-day business expenses.

We also adapted our business and operations to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in an energetic and disciplined manner. Our priority was to look after our most important asset: our people. In March, we established a Crisis Committee composed of certain senior officers and with the mandate to focus on the integrity and safety of our employees, of those of our portfolio companies, and of our suppliers. While offering technology and connectivity to allow for appropriate remote work conditions, we offered personal support through Assist Care (one of our businesses, which provided remote medical care assistance and COVID-19 monitoring of our employees), online fitness classes, online psychological assistance, among other initiatives. We also promoted a network of solidarity that helped thousands of people in several communities surrounding our portfolio companies, raising and directing approximately US$4 million in donations from April to June 2020. Finally, we were closer than ever to our clients, with over 1,850 interactions year-to-date as of September 30, 2020.

Regarding our operations, despite the general economic crisis and investors’ risk-aversion, we managed to continue to fundraise, invest, and divest consistently. In June 2020, we concluded a capital raise of US$2.0 billion for our 4th infrastructure fund, the largest fund in Latin America exclusively dedicated to infrastructure investments. In the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we were able to deploy over US$1.1 billion taking advantage of our experience in sectors we believe are resilient to economic downturns, as well as attractive valuations. In September 2020, we were also able to successfully divest from assets, such as Hidrovias do Brasil, one of the largest IPOs in Latin America in 2020, and in March 2020, we divested from Argo, an electric power transmission company from our Infrastructure Fund III with a gross multiple of invested capital, or MOIC, of 4.4x, and a gross internal rate of return, or IRR, of 74.2% (both measured in U.S. dollars). However, we also exercised caution in view of high volatility and postponed some of our planned divestments with the hopes for better market conditions or further appreciation of our assets in the future.

The resilience of our investing model is largely based on investing on sectors resilient to economic downturns and on active operational value creation. We believe that our investing model, together with a well-structured crisis response plan, allowed us to mitigate the operational impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our portfolio companies—76% of the net asset value of our investments in Brazilian reais as of September 30, 2020 were above or at pre-COVID-19 levels, reflecting our funds’ resilient net IRR. In particular, the consolidated cash-weighted net IRR in Brazilian reais for all our flagship private equity and infrastructure products, which represent approximately 90% of our AUM, was 20.2% and 20.7% since inception to September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. This compares to the consolidated cash-weighted net IRR in U.S. dollars for such funds of 10.6% and 14.4% since inception for the same periods, respectively, as a result of Latin American



 

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currencies’ depreciation against the U.S. dollar in 2020, which had a negative impact to the dollar-denominated net asset value of our portfolio companies and led to short-term volatility on our funds’ returns. We believe this decrease in returns does not reflect the operational performance of our assets as they are assessed and audited at year-end, on a yearly basis.

In addition, certain of our portfolio companies have been meeting or outperforming their expected operational results for 2020 on a Brazilian reais basis, and therefore we believe returns may already show signs of recovery by the end of 2020. Primarily as a result of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our portfolio companies due to the depreciation of the real against the U.S. dollar, our non-realized performance fee balance, which measures our current total expectation of cash inflow from performance fee related to our operational funds by the end of each period, decreased from US$292 million in December 31, 2019 to US$61 million in September 30, 2020. This balance represents non-realized performance fee revenues, and the long-term nature of our funds allows us to keep our investments in our portfolio for longer periods, giving us the opportunity to protect our assets from short-term impacts of economic downturns. Although the duration of the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is still uncertain, we currently believe that, in general, we will be able to continue to hold and protect our assets. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Business Metrics—Non-Realized Performance Fee.” Our other non-GAAP measures, such as our AUM, are also impacted in similar ways.

Given the factors discussed above regarding currency depreciation, the fact that the valuation of our portfolio companies and assets are only audited at year-end, and that, in general lines, certain of our portfolio companies have been meeting or outperforming their planned expected operational results for 2020 on a local-currency basis, we believe that certain of our key performance indicators as of September 30, 2020, which are based on the U.S. dollar-denominated net asset value of our companies and assets, such as funds’ returns, AUM and non-realized performance fee in U.S. dollars, may not be particularly representative of our operating performance in the longer-term.

See “Risk Factors—Certain Factors Relating to Our Business and Industry—The global outbreak of the novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, has caused severe disruptions in Latin America and global economies and is adversely impacting, and may continue to adversely impact, our performance and results of operations,” “Risk Factors—Certain Factors Relating to Our Business and Industry—The COVID-19 pandemic has had and is expected to continue to have a negative impact on global, regional and national economies, and we would be materially adversely affected by a protracted economic downturn” and “Industry—Growth prospects.”



 

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THE OFFERING

This summary highlights information presented in greater detail elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary is not complete and does not contain all the information you should consider before investing in our Class A common shares. You should carefully read this entire prospectus before investing in our Class A common shares including “Risk Factors” and our consolidated financial statements.

 

Issuer

Patria Investments Limited

 

Selling shareholder

Blackstone PAT Holdings IV, L.L.C.

 

Class A common shares offered by us

16,650,000 Class A common shares (or 19,147,500 Class A common shares if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares).

 

Class A common shares offered by the selling shareholder

13,448,824 Class A common shares (or 15,466,147 Class A common shares if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares).

 

Offering price

US$17.00 per Class A common share.

 

Voting rights

The Class A common shares will be entitled to one vote per share, whereas the Class B common shares (which are not being sold in this offering) will be entitled to 10 votes per share.

 

  Each Class B common share may be converted into one Class A common share at the option of the holder.

 

  If, at any time, the total number of the issued and outstanding Class B common shares is less than 10% of the total number of shares outstanding, then each Class B common share will convert automatically into one Class A common share.

 

  In addition, each Class B common share will convert automatically into one Class A common share upon any transfer, except for certain transfers to other holders of Class B common shares or their affiliates or to certain unrelated third parties as described under “Description of Share Capital—Conversion.”

 

  Holders of Class A common shares and Class B common shares will vote together as a single class on all matters unless otherwise required by law and subject to certain exceptions set forth in our Articles of Association as described under “Description of Share Capital—Voting Rights.”

 

 

Upon consummation of this offering, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares, (1) holders of Class A common shares will hold approximately 5.9% of the combined voting power of our issued and outstanding common shares and approximately 38.72% of our total equity ownership and (2) the



 

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holder of Class B common shares will hold approximately 94.1% of the combined voting power of our issued and outstanding common shares and approximately 61.28% of our total equity ownership.

 

  If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, (1) holders of Class A common shares will hold approximately 6.2% of the combined voting power of our issued and outstanding common shares and approximately 39.84% of our total equity ownership and (2) the holder of Class B common shares will hold approximately 93.8% of the combined voting power of our issued and outstanding common shares and approximately 60.16% of our total equity ownership.

 

  The rights of the holders of Class A common shares and Class B common shares are identical, except with respect to voting, conversion, and transfer restrictions applicable to the Class B common shares, and holders of Class B common shares are entitled to preemptive rights to purchase additional Class B common shares in the event that additional Class A common shares are issued, upon the same economic terms and at the same price, in order to maintain such holder’s proportional ownership interest in us. See “Description of Share Capital” for a description of the material terms of our common shares and the differences between our Class A common shares and our Class B common shares.

 

Option to purchase additional Class A common shares

We and the selling shareholder have granted the underwriters the right to purchase up to an additional 4,514,823 Class A common shares from us and/or the selling shareholder within 30 days of the date of this prospectus, at the public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions, on the same terms as set forth in this prospectus. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of Class A common shares by the selling shareholder.

 

Listing

Our Class A common shares have been approved for listing on the Nasdaq, under the symbol “PAX.”

 

Use of proceeds

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately US$255.4 million (or US$294.9 million if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares), and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund capital commitments to existing and new funds, for the expansion of our operations through acquisitions of asset managers, portfolios and distribution channels, and for general corporate purposes. While we constantly seek for investment opportunities, we are not committed to making any specific investment. Pending specific application of these net proceeds, we intend to invest such proceeds in accordance with our general cash investment policy. See “Use of Proceeds.”


 

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  We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of Class A common shares by the selling shareholder.

 

Share capital before and after offering

As of the date of this prospectus, our authorized share capital is US$100,000, consisting of 1,000,000,000 shares of par value US$0.0001. Of those authorized shares, (i) 500,000,000 are designated as Class A common shares, (ii) 250,000,000 are designated as Class B common shares, and (iii) 250,000,000 are as yet undesignated and may be issued as common shares or shares with preferred rights.

 

  Immediately after this offering, we will have 51,750,000 Class A common shares outstanding, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares and 81,900,000 Class B common shares outstanding.

 

Dividend policy

Our intention is to pay to holders of common shares dividends representing approximately 85% of our Distributable Earnings, subject to adjustment by amounts determined by our board of directors to be necessary or appropriate. The dividend amount could also be adjusted upwards or downwards. All of the foregoing is subject to the qualification that the declaration and payment of any dividends are at the sole discretion of our board of directors, and our board of directors may change our dividend policy at any time, including, without limitation, to reduce such dividends or even to eliminate such dividends entirely. For more information on Distributable Earnings, see “Summary Financial and other Information—Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations—Distributable Earnings (DE).” Accordingly, if we decide to pay dividends, the form, frequency and the amount of any distributions will depend on many factors, such as our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, prospects and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors and controlling shareholders. We may not pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. See “Dividends and Dividend Policy” and “Description of Share Capital—Dividends and Capitalization of Profits.”

 

Lock-up agreements

We have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to offer, sell, or dispose of any shares of our share capital or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of our share capital during the 180-day period following the date of this prospectus. Members of our board of directors and our executive officers, and our existing shareholders, have agreed to substantially similar lock-up provisions, subject to certain exceptions. See “Underwriting.”

 

Risk factors

An investment in our securities involves risks. See “Risk Factors” and the other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should consider before deciding to invest in our Class A common shares.


 

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Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability. The rights of shareholders and the responsibilities of members of our board of directors may be different from the rights of shareholders and responsibilities of directors in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions. In particular, as a matter of Cayman Islands law, members of the board of directors of a Cayman Islands company owe fiduciary duties to the company and separately a duty of care, diligence and skill to the company. Under Cayman Islands law, directors and officers owe the following fiduciary duties: (i) a duty to act in good faith in what the director or officer believes to be in the best interests of the Company as a whole; (ii) a duty to exercise powers for the purposes for which those powers were conferred and not for a collateral purpose; (iii) directors should not properly fetter the exercise of future discretion; (iv) duty to exercise powers fairly as between different sections of shareholders; (v) duty to exercise independent judgment; and (vi) duty not to put themselves in a position in which there is a conflict between their duty to the Company and their personal interests. Our Articles of Association have varied this last obligation by providing that a director must disclose the nature and extent of his or her interest in any contract or arrangement, and following such disclosure and subject to any separate requirement under applicable law or the listing rules of the Nasdaq, and unless disqualified by the chairman of the relevant meeting, such director may vote in respect of any transaction or arrangement in which he or she is interested and may be counted in the quorum at the meeting. In comparison, under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a Delaware corporation owes fiduciary duties to the corporation and its stockholders comprised of the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. Such duties prohibit self-dealing by a director and mandate that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. See “Description of Share Capital—Principal Differences between Cayman Islands and U.S. Corporate Law.”

Unless otherwise indicated, all information contained in this prospectus:

 

   

assumes the implementation of the Share Split, carried out on January 13, 2021, which has been applied retroactively to all of the figures herein setting forth the number of our common shares and per common share data as if the Share Split had been in effect for all periods presented; and

 

   

assumes no exercise of the option granted to the underwriters to purchase up to additional 4,514,823 Class A common shares in connection with the offering.



 

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SUMMARY FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

The following tables set forth, for the periods and as of the dates indicated, our summary financial and operating data. This information should be read in conjunction with “Presentation of Financial and Other Information,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The summary statements of financial position as of September 30, 2020 and the statements of income for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 have been derived from the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements of Patria included elsewhere in this prospectus, prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standard IAS No. 34 “Interim Financial Reporting,” or IAS 34. The summary statements of financial position as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and the summary statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 have been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Patria included elsewhere in this prospectus, prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB. Share and per share data in the table below has been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the Share Split.

 

     For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
    For the Years Ended
December 31,
 
             2020                     2019                   2019                 2018        
     (in US$ millions)  

Income Statement Data

        

Revenue from services

     83.3       88.0       123.2       105.7  

Cost of services rendered

     (26.0     (34.2     (43.0     (41.3

Personnel expenses

     (21.6     (29.7     (36.9     (35.2

Amortization of intangible assets

     (4.4     (4.5     (6.1     (6.1
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Gross profit

     57.3       53.8       80.2       64.4  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating income and expenses

     (8.7     (9.8     (15.6     (17.9

Administrative expenses

     (8.8     (9.9     (15.7     (17.9

Other income/(expenses)

     0.1       0.1       0.1       —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating income before net financial income/(expense)

     48.6       44.0       64.6       46.5  

Net financial income/(expense)

     (0.1     0.1       (0.2     —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Income before income tax

     48.5       44.1       64.4       46.5  

Income tax

     (3.0     (2.7     (3.5     (2.0
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net income for the period/year

     45.5       41.4       60.9       44.5  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Owners of the Parent

     46.6       39.8       58.5       43.7  

Non-controlling interests

     (1.1     1.6       2.4       0.8  

Basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands) (after giving effect to the Share Split)(1)

     0.00039       0.00035       0.00052       0.00038  

 

(1)

The basic and diluted earnings per share have been restated considering the Share Split carried out on January 13, 2021.



 

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     As of
September 30,
     As of December 31,  
             2020                  2019              2018      
     (in US$ millions)  

Balance Sheet Data:

        

Assets

        

Total current assets

     63.1        56.8        59.1  

Total non-current assets

     66.9        58.1        63.8  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total assets

     130.0        114.9        122.9  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Liabilities and Equity

        

Total current liabilities

     34.6        19.0        22.2  

Total non-current liabilities

     5.3        7.1        23.2  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total liabilities

     39.9        26.1        45.3  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total equity

     90.1        88.8        77.6  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total liabilities and equity

     130.0        114.9        122.9  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations

This prospectus presents our fee related earnings, distributable earnings and their respective reconciliations for the convenience of investors, which are non-GAAP financial measures. A non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined as a numerical measure of historical or future financial performance, financial position, or cash flow that purports to measure financial performance but excludes or includes amounts that would not be so adjusted in the most comparable IFRS measure. For further information on why our management chooses to use these non-GAAP financial measures, and on the limits of using these non-GAAP financial measures, please see “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Special Note Regarding Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

 

     For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
     For the Years Ended
December 31,
 
     2020      2019      Change      2019      2018      Change  
     (in US$ millions)  

Net income for the period/year

     45.5        41.4        4.1        60.9        44.5        16.4  

Fee Related Earnings (FRE)(1)

     51.1        46.1        5.0        63.0        50.8        12.2  

Distributable Earnings (DE)(2)

     50.4        44.1        6.3        63.4        49.6        13.8  

 

(1)

Reconciled as income before income tax less revenue from performance fees, net of taxes on revenues, other income/(expenses) and net financial income/(expense), plus amortization of contractual rights adjusted for the impacts of the Officers’ fund—long-term benefit plan. For a reconciliation of our FRE to income before income tax for the period/year, see “—Fee Related Earnings (FRE)” below.

(2)

Reconciled as net income adjusted for deferred taxes, amortization of contractual rights, and adjusted for the impacts of the Officers’ fund—long-term benefit plan. For a reconciliation of our DE to net income for the period/year, see “—Distributable Earnings (DE)” below.



 

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Fee Related Earnings (FRE)

 

     For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
     For the Years Ended
December 31,
 
     2020     2019     Change      2019     2018      Change  
     (in US$ millions)  

Income before income tax

     48.5       44.1       4.4        64.5       46.5        18.0  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Revenue from performance fees

     —         —         —          (4.9     —          (4.9

Taxes on revenue—performance fees

     —         —         —          0.5       —          0.5  

Officers’ fund—long-term benefit plan

     (0.1     (0.6     0.5        (1.0     0.5        (1.5

Amortization of contractual rights

     2.8       2.8       —          3.8       3.8        —    

Other income/(expenses)

     (0.1     (0.1     —          (0.1     —          (0.1

Net financial income/(expense)

     —         (0.1     0.1        0.2       —          0.2  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Fee Related Earnings

     51.1       46.1       5.0        63.0       50.8        12.2  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Distributable Earnings (DE)

 

     For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
     For the Years Ended
December 31,
 
     2020     2019     Change      2019     2018      Change  
     (in US$ millions)  

Net income for the period/year

     45.5       41.4       4.1        60.9       44.5        16.4  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Deferred income tax expenses

     2.2       0.5       1.7        (0.3     0.8        (1.1

Amortization of contractual rights

     2.8       2.8       —          3.8       3.8        —    

Officers’ fund—long-term benefit plan

     (0.1     (0.6     0.5        (1.0     0.5        (1.5
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Distributable Earnings

     50.4       44.1       6.3        63.4       49.6        13.8  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

FRE and DE are measures of profitability and have certain limitations in that they do not take into account certain items included under IFRS. Such measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies and is not a measure of performance calculated in accordance with IFRS. FRE and DE should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income or other income data prepared in accordance with IFRS. The use of such measures without consideration of related IFRS measures is not adequate due to the adjustments described above. Our management compensates for these limitations by using FRE and DE as supplemental measures to IFRS results, to provide a more complete understanding of our performance as management measures it. A reconciliation of FRE and DE to their respective most directly comparable IFRS measure of income (loss) before income tax provision can be found in “Summary Financial and Other Information—Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations.”



 

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in our Class A common shares involves a high degree of risk. In addition to the other information in this prospectus, you should carefully consider the following risk factors in evaluating us, our management, our financial condition, and our business before purchasing our Class A common shares. In addition, you should consider the risks related to an investment in companies operating in Latin America generally (including in Brazil, Colombia, Chile and Argentina and other jurisdictions in which we have offices), relating to which we have included certain publicly available information in these risk factors. In general, investing in the securities of issuers with substantial operations located in emerging market countries such as Brazil involves a higher degree of risk than investing in the securities of issuers whose operations are located in the United States or other more developed countries. If any of the risks discussed in this prospectus actually occur, alone or together with additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially adversely affected. If this were to occur, the value of our Class A common shares may decline and you may lose all or part of your investment. When determining whether to invest, you should also refer to the other information contained in this prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes thereto. You should also carefully review the cautionary statements referred to under “Forward-looking statements.” Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in this prospectus.

Certain Factors Relating to Our Business and Industry

The global outbreak of the novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, has caused severe disruptions in Latin America and global economies and is adversely impacting, and may continue to adversely impact, our performance and results of operations.

The global outbreak of COVID-19 has spread to almost every country in Latin America. The World Health Organization has designated COVID-19 as a pandemic, and numerous countries, including the United States, have declared national emergencies. The global impact of the outbreak continues to rapidly evolve, and many countries have instituted quarantines, restrictions on travel, closed financial markets and/or restricted trading, and closed or limited hours of operations of non-essential businesses. Such actions are creating severe economic contraction and adversely impacting many industries. The International Monetary Fund stated that it is very likely that this year the global economy will experience its worst recession since the Great Depression. While a number of countries, as well as certain states in the United States, have begun to lift the public health restrictions with a view to reopening their economies, recurring COVID-19 outbreaks could lead to the re-introduction of such restrictions. Moreover, even where restrictions have been lifted, self-imposed social distancing and isolation measures may continue for a more prolonged period due to public fears in the absence of effective treatments or a vaccine. Accordingly, it remains to be seen how quickly economic activity will resume even in economies where public health restrictions are lifted.

The COVID-19 pandemic has already impacted, and will continue to impact, our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and prospects materially. The pandemic is also exacerbating many of the risks described in this prospectus. We expect, at least in the near term, to experience a slowdown in capital raising, capital deployment and realization activity. Adverse impacts on our business as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic include, but are not limited to:

 

   

Performance Revenues and Incentive Fees. Our ability to realize value from our investments may be adversely impacted by decreased portfolio company revenues and earnings, lack of potential buyers with financial resources to pursue an acquisition, or limited access to the equity capital markets. Limited opportunities for realizing gains could also delay or eliminate receipt of performance revenues as preferred return thresholds become harder to achieve over time. Primarily as a result of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our portfolio companies due to the depreciation of the real against the U.S. dollar, our non-realized performance fee balance, which measures our current total expectation of cash inflow from performance fee related to our operational funds by the end of each

 

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period, decreased from US$292 million in December 31, 2019 to US$61 million in September 30, 2020. If the current economic environment persists and capital deployment opportunities remain limited, it may also cause a decline in the pace of investments, which may also eventually reduce our performance revenues.

 

   

Management Fees. The COVID-19 pandemic is slowing our anticipated capital raising pace for new or successor funds, which may result in delayed or decreased management fees. In addition, in light of the recent decline in public equity markets and other components of their investment portfolios, fund investors may become restricted by their asset allocation policies to invest in new or successor funds that we provide. As described above, we may also experience a decline in the pace of our investments and, if our funds are unable to deploy capital at a pace that is sufficient to offset the pace of our realizations, our fee revenues could decrease.

 

   

Investment Performance. Some of our investments are in industries that are materially impacted by COVID-19 and related public health restrictions. If the disruptions caused by COVID-19 continue, the businesses of impacted portfolio companies could suffer materially, which would decrease the value of our funds’ investments, most of which are in local currency, which were severely depreciated with the pandemic. Furthermore, such negative market conditions could potentially result in a portfolio company entering bankruptcy proceedings, thereby potentially resulting in a complete loss of the fund’s investment in such portfolio company and a significant negative impact to the investment fund’s performance and consequently to our operating results and cash flow, as well as to our reputation.

 

   

Liquidity. Our portfolio companies are also facing or may face in the future increased credit and liquidity risk due to volatility in financial markets, reduced revenue streams, and limited access or higher cost of financing, which may result in potential impairment of our or our funds’ equity investments. Changes in the debt financing markets are impacting, or, if the volatility in financial market continues, may in the future impact, the ability of our portfolio companies to meet their respective financial obligations. In addition, borrowers of loans, notes and other credit instruments in our credit funds’ portfolios may be unable to meet their principal or interest payment obligations or satisfy financial covenants, and tenants leasing real estate properties owned by our funds may not be able to pay rents in a timely manner or at all, or request a discount in rent payments or renegotiation of terms of lease agreements, resulting in a decrease in value of our funds’ credit and real estate investments and lower than expected return. In addition, for variable rate instruments, lower reference rates resulting from lower interest rates in response to COVID-19 could lead to lower interest income for our credit funds. Further, dislocation and contraction of short-term liquidity in the credit markets has impacted, and if sustained will likely continue to impact, the value of credit assets held by our real estate debt and credit funds, such funds’ ability to sell assets at attractive prices or in a timely manner in order to avoid losses and the likelihood of margin calls. In addition, a sudden contraction of liquidity in the credit markets, including as a result of overwhelming desire for liquidity on the part of market participants, is likely to exacerbate the likelihood of forced sales of assets and margins calls, which would result in further declines in the value of assets.

 

   

Operational Risks. An extended period of remote working by our employees could introduce operational risks, including heightened cybersecurity risk. Remote working environments may be less secure and more susceptible to hacking attacks, including phishing and social engineering attempts that seek to exploit the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, third party service providers on whom we have become increasingly reliant for certain aspects of our business, including for the administration of certain funds, as well as for certain information systems and technology could be impacted by an inability to perform due to COVID-19 restrictions or by failures of, or attacks on, their information systems and technology.

 

   

Employee-Related Risks. COVID-19 presents a significant threat to our employees’ well-being. Our key employees or executive officers may become sick or otherwise unable to perform their duties for an extended period of time. In addition, extended public health restrictions and remote working

 

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arrangements may impact employee morale and productivity. In addition to any potential impact of such extended illness on our operations, we may be exposed to the risk of litigation by our employees against us for, among other things, failure to take adequate steps to protect their well-being, particularly in the event they become sick after a return to the office. The negative impact on non-realized performance that occurred as a result of COVID-19 pandemic on portfolio companies and the depreciation of the real against the U.S. dollar could have a negative impact on employee motivation and retention.

Difficult market and geopolitical conditions can adversely affect our business in many ways, each of which could materially reduce our revenue, earnings and cash flow and adversely affect our financial prospects and condition.

Our business is materially affected by financial market and economic conditions and events throughout the world—particularly in Brazil and Latin America—that are outside our control. We may not be able to or may choose not to manage our exposure to these conditions and/or events. Such conditions and/or events can adversely affect our business in many ways, including by reducing the ability of our funds to raise or deploy capital, reducing the value or performance of the investments made by our funds and making it more difficult to fund opportunities for our funds to exist and realize value from existing investment. This could in turn materially reduce our revenue, earnings and cash flow and adversely affect our financial prospects and condition. In addition, in the face of a difficult market or economic environment, we may need to reduce our fixed costs and other expenses in order to maintain profitability, including by cutting back or eliminating the use of certain services or service providers, or terminating the employment of a significant number of our personnel that, in each case, could be important to our business and without which our operating results could be adversely affected. A failure to manage or reduce our costs and other expenses within a time frame sufficient to match any decrease in profitability would adversely affect our operating performance.

Turmoil in the global financial markets can provoke significant volatility of equity and debt securities prices, such as a result of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. This can have a material and rapid impact on our mark-to-market valuations, particularly with respect to our public holdings and credit investments. As publicly traded equity securities may represent a proportion of the assets of many of our carry funds, stock market volatility, including a sharp decline in the stock market, such as the one experienced in the fourth quarter of 2018 and the one experienced in early 2020, may adversely affect our results, including our revenues and net income. In addition, our public equity holdings have at times been and are currently concentrated in a few positions, thereby making our unrealized mark-to-market valuations particularly sensitive to sharp changes in the price of any of these positions. Further, although the equity markets are not the only means by which we exit investments, should we experience another period of challenging equity markets, our funds may experience increased difficulty in realizing value from investments.

Geopolitical concerns and other global events, including, without limitation, trade conflict, national and international political circumstances (including wars, terrorist acts or security operations) and pandemics, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic, or other severe public health events, have contributed and may continue to contribute to volatility in global equity and debt markets. 2019 was a year of significant geopolitical concerns, including, among other things, uncertainty regarding re-opening of the U.S. government after a shutdown in early 2019, trade tensions, most notably between China and the U.S., resulting from the implementation of tariffs by the U.S. and retaliatory tariffs by other countries on the U.S., continued tensions with North Korea over its ballistic missile testing and nuclear programs, ongoing hostilities in the Middle East and the possibility of their escalation, political tension and uncertainty in Latin America, uncertainty regarding the U.K.’s ongoing negotiation of the circumstances surrounding its withdrawal from the European Union and impeachment proceedings of President Trump in the United States. Such concerns have contributed and may continue to contribute to volatility in global equity and debt markets.

Recently, the outbreak of the novel coronavirus in many countries continues to adversely impact global commercial activity and has contributed to significant volatility in financial markets. The global impact of the

 

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outbreak has been rapidly evolving, and as cases of the virus have continued to be identified in additional countries, many countries have reacted by instituting quarantines and restrictions on travel. Such actions are creating disruption in global supply chains, and adversely impacting a number of industries, such as transportation, hospitality and entertainment. The outbreak could have a continued adverse impact on economic and market conditions and trigger a period of global economic slowdown. The rapid development and fluidity of this situation precludes any prediction as to the ultimate adverse impact of the novel coronavirus. Nevertheless, the novel coronavirus presents material uncertainty and risk with respect to our and our funds’ performance and financial results.

In addition to the factors described above, other factors described herein that may affect market, economic and geopolitical conditions, and thereby adversely affect our business include, without limitation:

 

   

economic slowdown in Brazil and internationally;

 

   

changes in interest rates and/or a lack of availability of credit in Brazil and internationally;

 

   

commodity price volatility;

 

   

foreign exchange volatility;

 

   

public health crises, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; and

 

   

changes in law and/or regulation, and uncertainty regarding government and regulatory policy.

A period of economic slowdown, which may be across one or more industries, sectors or geographies, could contribute to adverse operating performance for certain of our funds’ investments, which would adversely affect our operating results and cash flows.

We have experienced buoyant markets and positive economic conditions in certain markets. Although such conditions have increasingly made it more difficult and competitive to find suitable capital deployment opportunities for our funds, they may also contribute to positive operating performance at our funds’ portfolio companies. To the extent global markets enter a period of slower growth relative to recent years, such period of economic slowdown (which may be across one or more industries, sectors or geographies), may contribute to poor financial results at our funds’ portfolio companies, which may result in lower investment returns for our funds. For example, periods of economic weakness have in the past and may in the future contribute to a decline in commodity prices and/or volatility in the oil and natural gas markets, each of which would have an adverse effect on our energy investments. The performance of our funds’ portfolio companies would also likely be negatively impacted if pressure on wages and other inputs increasingly pressure profit margins. To the extent the performance of those portfolio companies (as well as valuation multiples) do not improve, our funds may sell those assets at values that are less than we projected or even a loss, thereby significantly affecting those investment funds’ performance. In addition, as the governing agreements of our funds contain only limited requirements regarding diversification of fund investments (by, for example, sector or geographic region), during periods of economic slowdown in certain sectors or regions, the impact on our funds may be exacerbated by concentration of investments in such sector or region. As a result, our ability to raise new funds, as well as our operating results and cash flows could be adversely affected.

In addition, during periods of weakness, our funds’ portfolio companies may also have difficulty expanding their businesses and operations or meeting their debt service obligations or other expenses as they become due, including expenses payable to us. Furthermore, such negative market conditions could potentially result in a portfolio company entering bankruptcy proceedings, thereby potentially resulting in a complete loss of the fund’s investment in such portfolio company and a significant negative impact to the investment fund’s performance and consequently to our operating results and cash flow, as well as to our reputation. In addition, negative market conditions would also increase the risk of default with respect to investments held by our funds that have significant debt investments, such as our credit-focused funds.

 

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We may, in our sole discretion, decrease the percentage or amount of fees paid by the funds directly or indirectly to us, or even fully waive the payment of such fees for a determined period of time or until the maturity of our funds. If we determine to decrease or waive such fees or otherwise alter our current fee structure, our profit margins and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our profit margins and net income are dependent in significant part on our ability to maintain current fee levels for the products and services that our asset managers offer, and in particular, on our funds’ receipt of asset and performance based fees, which may vary substantially from year to year. There has been a trend toward lower fees in many segments of the asset management industry and there is fee pressure in many portions of the active equity and fixed income industry, driven in part by inflows into low-fee passive asset management products and we face continued market pressure with respect to fee levels for many products. In addition, in the ordinary course of our business, we may, in our sole discretion, decrease the percentage or amount of fees paid by our funds directly or indirectly to us, any may also fully waive the payment of such fees, or limit total expenses, on certain products or services for a determined period of time or until the maturity of our funds, to manage fund expenses, or for other reasons, and to help retain or increase managed assets. Although we have no obligation to modify any of our fees with respect to our existing funds, we have experienced and may continue to experience pressure to do so. More recently, institutional investors have been increasing pressure to reduce management and investment fees charged by external managers, whether through direct reductions, deferrals, rebates or other means. In addition, we may be asked by investors to waive or defer fees for various reasons, including during economic downturns or as a result of poor performance of our funds. No assurances can be given that we will be able to maintain our current fee structure. Competition could lead to our asset managers reducing the fees that they charge their clients for products and services. See “—The asset management business is subject to substantial and increasingly intense competition.” In addition, our asset managers may be required to reduce their fee levels, or restructure the fees they charge, because of, among other things, regulatory initiatives or proceedings that are either industry-wide or specifically targeted, or court decisions. A reduction in the fees that our asset managers charge for their products and services will reduce our revenues and could reduce our net income. These factors also could inhibit our ability to increase fees for certain products.

Our AUM can generate very different revenues per dollar of managed assets based on factors such as the type of asset managed (alternative assets and equity assets generally produce greater revenues than fixed income assets), the type of client (institutional clients generally pay lower fees than other clients), the type of asset management product or service provided and the fee schedule of the asset manager providing the service. A shift in the mix of our AUM from higher revenue-generating assets to lower revenue-generating assets may result in a decrease in our revenues even if our aggregate level of AUM remains unchanged or increases. Products that use fee structures based on investment performance may also vary significantly from period to period, depending on the investment performance of the particular product. No assurances can be given that our funds will be able to maintain current fee structures or levels. A decrease in our revenues, without a commensurate reduction in expenses, will reduce our net income.

An increase in interest rates and other changes in the debt financing markets could negatively impact the ability of our funds and their portfolio companies to obtain attractive financing or refinancing and could increase the cost of such financing if it is obtained, which could lead to lower-yielding investments and potentially decrease our net income.

Our business and the businesses of the companies in which we invest are materially affected by changes in interest rates and other changes affecting the debt financing markets throughout the world. A period of sharply rising interest rates could create downward pressure on the price of real estate, increase the cost and availability of debt financing for the transactions our funds pursue and decrease the value of fixed-rate debt investments made by our funds, each of which may have an adverse impact on our business. In addition, a significant contraction or weakening in the market for debt financing or other adverse change relating to the terms of debt financing (such as, for example, higher equity requirements and/or more restrictive covenants), particularly in the area of acquisition financings for private equity and real estate transactions, could have a material adverse impact

 

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on our business. For example, a portion of the indebtedness used to finance certain fund investments often includes high-yield debt securities issued in the capital markets. Availability of capital from the high-yield debt markets is subject to significant volatility as well as to sharp changes in interest rates, and there may be times when our funds or their portfolio companies might not be able to access those markets at attractive rates, or at all, when completing an investment. For example, in late 2018 the global credit markets experienced a contraction in the availability of credit, which temporarily impacted the ability to obtain attractive debt financing transactions.

If our funds are unable to obtain committed debt financing for potential acquisitions, can only obtain debt financing at an increased interest rate or on unfavorable terms or the ability to deduct corporate interest expense is substantially limited, our funds may face increased competition from strategic buyers of assets who may have an overall lower cost of capital or the ability to benefit from a higher amount of cost savings following an acquisition, or may have difficulty completing otherwise profitable acquisitions or may generate profits that are lower than would otherwise be the case, each of which could lead to a decrease in our revenues. In addition, rising interest rates, coupled with periods of significant equity and credit market volatility may potentially make it more difficult for us to find attractive opportunities for our funds to exit and realize value from their existing investments.

Our funds’ portfolio companies also regularly utilize the corporate debt markets in order to obtain financing for their operations. To the extent monetary policy, tax or other regulatory changes or difficult credit markets render such financing difficult to obtain, more expensive or otherwise less attractive, this may also negatively impact the financial results of those portfolio companies and, therefore, the investment returns on our funds. In addition, to the extent that market conditions and/or tax or other regulatory changes make it difficult or impossible to refinance debt that is maturing in the near term, some of our funds’ portfolio companies may be unable to repay such debt at maturity and may be forced to sell assets, undergo a recapitalization or seek bankruptcy protection.

If we cannot make the necessary investments to keep pace with rapid developments and change in our industry, the use of our services could decline, reducing our revenues.

The revenues that we earn are driven in part by the pace at which our funds make investments and the size of those investments, and a decline in the pace or the size of such investments may reduce our revenues. The market environment for private equity transactions, for example, recently has been and continues to be characterized by relatively high prices, which can make the deployment of capital more difficult. In addition, many other factors could cause a decline in the pace of investment, including the inability of our investment professionals to identify attractive investment opportunities, increasing competition for such opportunities from international and local competitors, among other potential acquirers, decreased availability of capital on attractive terms and our failure to consummate identified investment opportunities because of business, regulatory or legal complexities or uncertainty and adverse developments in the Latin American or global economy or financial markets. If we cannot make the necessary investments to keep pace with rapid developments and change in our industry, the use of our services could decline, reducing our revenues. In addition, if our funds are unable to deploy capital at a pace that is sufficient to offset the pace of realizations, our fee revenues could decrease.

Our revenue, earnings, net income and cash flow can all vary materially and be volatile from time to time, which may make it difficult for us to achieve steady earnings growth on a quarterly basis and may cause the price of our Class A common shares to decline.

Our revenue, net income and cash flow can all vary materially due to our reliance on performance revenues. We may experience fluctuations in our results, including our revenue and net income, from quarter to quarter due to a number of other factors, including timing of realizations, changes in the valuations of our funds’ investments, changes in the amount of distributions, dividends or interest paid in respect of investments, changes in our operating expenses, the degree to which we encounter competition and general economic and market

 

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conditions. Achieving steady growth in net income and cash flow on a quarterly basis may be difficult, which could in turn lead to large adverse movements or general increased volatility in the price of our Class A common shares. We also do not provide any guidance regarding our expected quarterly and annual operating results. The lack of guidance may affect the expectations of public market analysts and could cause increased volatility in our Class A common shares price.

It takes a substantial period of time to identify attractive investment opportunities, to raise all the funds needed to make an investment and then to realize the cash value (or other proceeds) of an investment through a sale, public offering, recapitalization or other exit. Even if an investment proves to be profitable, it may be a number of years before any profits can be realized in cash (or other proceeds). We cannot predict when, or if, any realization of investments will occur, and therefore our cash flows from performance allocations may be difficult to predict.

The mark-to-market valuations of investments made by our funds are subject to volatility driven by economic and market conditions. Economic and market conditions may also negatively impact our realization opportunities. The valuations of and realization opportunities for investments made by our funds could also be subject to high volatility as a result of uncertainty regarding governmental policy with respect to, among other things, tax, financial services regulation, international trade, immigration, healthcare, labor, infrastructure and energy.

Adverse economic and market conditions may adversely affect the amount of cash generated by our businesses, and in turn, our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.

If the global economy and conditions in the financing markets worsen, our fund investment performance could suffer, resulting in, for example, the payment of less or no performance allocations to us. Poor investment performance could lead to a loss of assets under management and a decline in revenues. This could materially and adversely affect the amount of cash we have on hand, including for, among other purposes, the payment of dividends to our shareholders. Having less cash on hand could in turn require us to rely on other sources of cash (such as the capital markets, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms) for the above purposes. Furthermore, during adverse economic and market conditions, our funds or their portfolio companies might not be able to renew all or part of their indebtedness under existing financing arrangements, or find alternate financing on commercially reasonable terms. As a result, their uses of cash may exceed their sources of cash, thereby potentially affecting their liquidity position and ability to pay dividends, which could adversely affect our results of operations and in turn, our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.

We depend on our key senior managing directors and the loss of their services would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We depend on the efforts, skill, reputations and business contacts of our key senior managing directors, the information and deal flow they generate during the normal course of their activities and the synergies among the diverse fields of expertise and knowledge held by our professionals. Accordingly, our success will depend on the continued service of these individuals, who are not obligated to remain employed with us. Some key senior managing directors have left the firm in the past and others may do so in the future, and we cannot predict the impact that the departure of any key senior managing director will have on our ability to achieve our investment objectives. For example, the governing agreements of many of our funds, such as limited partnership agreements and private placement memoranda, generally provide investors with the ability to terminate the investment period in the event that certain “key persons” in the fund do not provide the specified time commitment to the fund or our firm ceases to control the general partner. The loss of the services of any key senior managing directors could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, net income and cash flows and could harm our ability to maintain or grow assets under management in existing funds or raise additional funds in the future. We have historically relied in part on the interests of these professionals in the investment funds’ performance fees and incentive fees to discourage them from leaving the firm. The negative impact on non-realized performance that occurred as a

 

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result of COVID-19 pandemic on portfolio companies and the depreciation of the real against the U.S. dollar could have a negative impact on employee motivation and retention. Therefore, to the extent our investment funds perform poorly, thereby reducing the potential for performance fees and incentive fees, their interests in performance fees and incentive fees become less valuable to them and become less effective as incentives for them to continue to be employed at Patria.

Our senior managing directors and other key personnel possess substantial experience and expertise and have strong business relationships with investors in our funds, clients and other members of the business community. As a result, the loss of these personnel could jeopardize our relationships with investors in our funds, our clients and members of the business community and result in the reduction of assets under management or fewer investment opportunities.

The asset management business is subject to substantial and increasingly intense competition.

The asset management business is increasingly subject to intense competition from a variety of local and international players, based on a variety of factors, including investment performance, the quality of service provided to clients, investor liquidity and willingness to invest, fund terms (including fees), brand recognition and business reputation. Furthermore, client attrition could cause our revenues to decline and the degradation of the quality of the products and services we offer, including support services, could adversely impact our ability to attract and retain clients and partners. Our asset management business competes with a number of private equity funds, specialized investment funds, hedge funds, funds of hedge funds and other sponsors managing pools of capital, as well as corporate buyers, traditional asset managers, commercial banks, investment banks and other financial institutions (including sovereign wealth funds), and we expect that competition will continue to increase. For example, certain traditional asset managers have developed their own private equity platforms and are marketing other asset allocation strategies as alternatives to fund investments. Additionally, developments in financial technology, or fintech, such as distributed ledger technology, or blockchain, have the potential to disrupt the financial industry and change the way financial institutions, as well as asset managers, do business. A number of factors serve to increase our competitive risks:

 

   

a number of our competitors in some of our businesses may have greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources and more personnel than we do;

 

   

some of our funds may not perform as well as competitors’ funds or other available investment products;

 

   

several of our competitors have significant amounts of capital, and many of them have similar investment objectives to ours, which may create additional competition for investment opportunities and may reduce the size and duration of pricing inefficiencies that many alternative investment strategies seek to exploit;

 

   

some of our competitors, particularly strategic competitors, may have a lower cost of capital, which may be exacerbated to the extent by any changes to applicable tax laws that may come into effect (including with respect to the deductibility of interest expense);

 

   

some of our competitors may have access to funding sources that are not available to us, which may create competitive disadvantages for us with respect to investment opportunities;

 

   

some of our competitors may be subject to less regulation and accordingly may have more flexibility to undertake and execute certain businesses or investments than we can and/or bear less compliance expense than we do;

 

   

some of our competitors may have more flexibility than us in raising certain types of investment funds under the investment management contracts they have negotiated with their investors;

 

   

some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances, different risk assessments or lower return thresholds, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and to bid more aggressively than us for investments that we want to make;

 

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some of our competitors may be more successful than us in the development and implementation of new technology to address investor demand for product and strategy innovation;

 

   

there are relatively few barriers to entry impeding new alternative asset fund management firms, and the successful efforts of new entrants into our various businesses, including former “star” portfolio managers at large diversified financial institutions as well as such institutions themselves, is expected to continue to result in increased competition;

 

   

some of our competitors may have better expertise or be regarded by investors as having better expertise in a specific asset class or geographic region than we do;

 

   

our competitors that are corporate buyers may be able to achieve synergistic cost savings in respect of an investment, which may provide them with a competitive advantage in bidding for an investment;

 

   

some investors may prefer to invest with an investment manager that is not publicly traded or is smaller with only one or two investment products that it manages; and

 

   

other industry participants will from time to time seek to recruit our investment professionals and other employees away from us.

We may lose investment opportunities in the future if we do not match investment prices, structures and terms offered by competitors. Alternatively, we may experience decreased rates of return and increased risks of loss if we match investment prices, structures and terms offered by competitors. Moreover, if we are forced to compete with other alternative asset managers on the basis of price, we may not be able to maintain our current fund fee and performance fee terms. There is a risk that fees and performance fees in the alternative investment management industry will decline, without regard to the historical performance of a manager. Fee or performance fees income reductions on existing or future funds, without corresponding decreases in our cost structure, would adversely affect our revenues and profitability. In addition, the attractiveness of our investment funds relative to investments in other investment products could decrease depending on economic conditions. This competitive pressure could adversely affect our ability to make successful investments and limit our ability to raise future investment funds, either of which would adversely impact our business, revenue, results of operations and cash flow.

Our organizational documents do not limit our ability to enter into new lines of businesses, and we may expand into new investment strategies, geographic markets and businesses, each of which may result in additional risks and uncertainties in our businesses.

Our plan, to the extent that market conditions permit, is to continue to grow our investment businesses and expand into new investment strategies, geographic markets and businesses. Our organizational documents do not limit us to investment management businesses. Accordingly, we have pursued and may continue to pursue growth through acquisitions of asset managers and other investment management companies, acquisitions of critical business partners, or other strategic initiatives. To the extent we make strategic investments or acquisitions, undertake other strategic initiatives or enter into a new line of business, we will face numerous risks and uncertainties, including risks associated with (a) the required investment of capital and other resources, (b) the possibility that we have insufficient expertise to engage in such activities profitably or without incurring inappropriate amounts of risk, (c) the diversion of management’s attention from our core businesses, (d) assumption of liabilities in any acquired business, (e) the disruption of our ongoing businesses, (f) the increasing demands on or issues related to the combining or integrating operational and management systems and controls, (g) compliance with additional regulatory requirements and (h) the broadening of our geographic footprint, including the risks associated with conducting operations in several jurisdictions.

Entry into certain lines of business may subject us to new laws and regulations with which we are not familiar, or from which we are currently exempt, and may lead to increased litigation and regulatory risk. For example, we have increasingly undertaken business initiatives to offer credit funds, constructivist funds

 

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(investment in public equity applying the private equity modus operandi) funds and publicly-traded real estate funds (known in Brazil as a Fundo de Investimento Imobiliário, or FII), and to increase the number and type of investment products we offer to family offices and high net worth individuals. These activities have and will continue to impose additional compliance burdens on us and could also subject us to enhanced regulatory scrutiny and expose us to greater reputation and litigation risk. In addition, if a new business generates insufficient revenues or if we are unable to efficiently manage our expanded operations or to successfully overcome the challenges we may face in expanding into new geographic regions in Latin America, our results of operations will be adversely affected. Our strategic initiatives may include, among other things, initiatives seeking to expand our and our portfolio companies’ management capabilities, which require a robust legal and compliance framework, and entry into joint ventures, which may require us to be dependent on, and subject us to liability, losses or reputational damage relating to, systems, controls and personnel that are not under our control.

We may not be successful in expanding our operations in Latin America, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We currently operate and may operate in the future in regions and countries in Latin America where we have little or no experience, and we may not be able to expand our investment activities in these markets successfully. As we expand our operations into Latin American markets, including new geographies, we may have difficulty adapting to unknown circumstances and conditions. We may seek to expand our operations in Latin America, including new geographies, through acquisitions of asset managers and other investment management companies in the region, which may be financed using a portion of the proceeds of this offering or through other sources of financing, although we are not currently committed to making any specific investment. In order to remain competitive, we must be proactive and prepared to implement necessary resources when growth opportunities present themselves, whether as a result of a business acquisition or rapidly increasing business activities in particular markets or regions. Local regulatory environments may vary widely in terms of scope, adequacy and sophistication. We may also encounter other risks of doing business in Latin America, including: (i) difficulties and costs associated with complying with a variety of complex domestic and foreign laws, regulations and treaties; (ii) changes in legislative or regulatory requirements; (iii) price and currency exchange controls; (iv) political instability, including nationalization and expropriation; (v) trade restrictions, including timing delays associated with customs procedures, tariffs and import or export licensing requirements; (vi) taxes; and (vii) difficulties in enforcing our intellectual property rights. We cannot assure you that the political, fiscal or legal regimes in the countries in which we operate or expect to operate, will not increase our compliance costs or otherwise adversely affect our geographic expansion efforts, which may harm our results of operations or financial conditions. See “—We expect to continue to make investments in companies that are based in Latin America, which may expose us to additional risks not typically associated with investing in companies that are based in the United States.” No assurance can be provided that we will be able to obtain capital resources to fund our expansion strategy on acceptable terms or at all. If we are not successful in implementing or funding our expansion strategy, our business, financial results and the market price for our Class A common shares may be adversely affected.

If we are unable to consummate or successfully integrate additional development opportunities, acquisitions or joint ventures, we may not be able to implement our growth strategy successfully.

Our growth strategy is based, in part, on the selective development or acquisition of asset management portfolios, businesses or other businesses complementary to our business where we think we can add substantial value or generate substantial returns in Brazil and in certain countries of Latin America. The success of this strategy will depend on, among other things: (a) the availability of suitable opportunities, (b) the level of competition from other companies that may have greater financial resources, (c) our ability to value potential development or acquisition opportunities accurately and negotiate acceptable terms for those opportunities, (d) our ability to obtain requisite approvals and licenses from the relevant governmental authorities and to comply with applicable laws and regulations without incurring undue costs and delays and (e) our ability to identify and enter into mutually beneficial relationships with venture partners. Moreover, even if we are able to

 

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identify and successfully complete an acquisition, we may encounter unexpected difficulties or incur unexpected costs associated with integrating and overseeing the operations of the new businesses. If we are not successful in implementing our growth strategy, our business, financial results and the market price for our Class A common shares may be adversely affected.

Changes in relevant tax laws, regulations or treaties or an adverse interpretation of these items by tax authorities could adversely impact our effective tax rate and tax liability.

Our effective tax rate and tax liability is based on the application of current income and revenues tax laws, regulations and treaties. These laws, regulations and treaties are complex, and the manner which they apply to us and to the funds and other investment vehicles we manage is sometimes open to interpretation. Furthermore, applicable tax authorities may have differing interpretations and guidance with respect to certain tax matters specific to the industry in which we operate (including multi-jurisdictional aspects). Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. Although management believes its application of current laws, regulations and treaties to be correct and sustainable upon examination by the tax authorities, the tax authorities could challenge our interpretation resulting in additional tax liability or adjustment to our income and revenues tax provision that could increase our effective tax burden.

Certain non-resident investors currently enjoy certain tax benefits for investing in private equity funds in Brazil (under Brazilian law No. 11,312) that may not be maintained if changes in tax laws occur or an adverse interpretation of such laws by tax authorities prevails. In recent years, the Brazilian Federal Revenue Service has been reviewing its interpretation and questioning the commonly used investment structures utilized for private equity investments in Brazil by non-resident investors and, in certain cases, has initiated tax assessments related to the alleged failure to withhold income taxes. If the law establishing such tax benefits is not maintained or an adverse interpretation by tax authorities regarding such benefits prevails, our after-tax returns could be adversely affected, which might affect our ability to raise capital and consequently affect our prospects and results of operations.

There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year, which could subject United States investors in our Class A common shares to significant adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

Under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, we will be a PFIC for any taxable year in which either (i) 75% or more of our gross income consists of “passive income,” or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of our assets consist of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, “passive income.” For this purpose, subject to certain exceptions, passive income includes interest, dividends, rents, gains from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to such income, gains from the sale of partnership interests and gains from transactions in commodities. We do not believe we were a PFIC for our 2019 taxable year, and based on our current operations, income, assets and certain estimates and projections, including as to the relative values of our assets, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year or to become one in the foreseeable future. However, we will hold a substantial amount of cash following this offering and our PFIC status depends on the composition of our income and assets and the market value of our assets from time to time. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders”) held our Class A common shares (assuming such U.S. Holder has not made and maintained a timely election described under “Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders”), gain recognized by the U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition (including certain pledges) of the Class A common shares would be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class A common shares. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other disposition and to any year before we became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated

 

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to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that taxable year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the tax on such amounts. Further, to the extent that any distribution received by a U.S. Holder on its Class A common shares exceeds 125% of the average of the annual distributions on such Class A common shares received during the preceding three years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, that distribution would be subject to taxation in the same manner as gain. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors concerning our potential PFIC status and the potential application of the PFIC rules.

Cybersecurity risks could result in the loss of data, interruptions in our business, damage to our reputation, and subject us to regulatory actions and/or lawsuits, increased costs and financial losses, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our operations are highly dependent on our information systems and technology and we rely heavily on our financial, accounting, communications and other data processing systems. Our systems may fail to operate properly or become disabled as a result of tampering or a breach of our network security systems or otherwise. In addition, our systems face ongoing cybersecurity threats and attacks. Attacks on our systems could involve, and in some instances have in the past involved, attempts intended to obtain unauthorized access to our proprietary information, destroy data or disable, degrade or sabotage our systems, or divert or otherwise steal funds, including through the introduction of computer viruses, “phishing” attempts and other forms of social engineering. Cyberattacks and other security threats could originate from a wide variety of external sources, including cyber criminals, nation state hackers, hacktivists and other outside parties. Cyberattacks and other security threats could also originate from the malicious or accidental acts of insiders, such as employees.

There has been an increase in the frequency and sophistication of the cyber and security threats we face, with attacks ranging from those common to businesses generally to those that are more advanced and persistent, which may target us because, as an alternative asset management firm, we hold a significant amount of confidential and sensitive information about our investors, our portfolio companies and potential investments. As a result, we may face a heightened risk of a security breach or disruption with respect to this information. There can be no assurance that measures we take to ensure the integrity of our systems will provide protection, especially because cyberattack techniques used change frequently or are not recognized until successful. If our systems are compromised, do not operate properly or are disabled, or we fail to provide the appropriate regulatory or other notifications in a timely manner, we could suffer financial loss, a disruption of our businesses, liability to our investment funds and fund investors, regulatory intervention or reputational damage. The costs related to cyber or other security threats or disruptions may not be fully insured or indemnified by other means.

In addition, we could also suffer losses in connection with updates to, or the failure to timely update, our information systems and technology. In addition, we have become increasingly reliant on third party service providers for certain aspects of our business, including for the administration of certain funds, as well as for certain key market information and data, information systems, technology, processing and supporting functions, including cloud-based services. These third party service providers could also face ongoing cyber security threats and compromises of their systems and as a result, unauthorized individuals could gain, and in some past instances have gained, access to certain confidential data.

Cybersecurity has become a top priority for regulators around the world. Many jurisdictions in which we operate have laws and regulations relating to data privacy, cybersecurity and protection of personal information, including, as examples the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, in the European Union and that went into effect in May 2018 and the Brazilian Data Protection Act (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados), or LGPD, that came into effect in September 2020. See “—Rapidly developing and changing global privacy laws and regulations could increase compliance costs and subject us to enforcement risks and reputational damage.” Some jurisdictions have also enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals and government agencies of data security breaches involving certain types of personal data.

 

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Breaches in security, whether malicious in nature or through inadvertent transmittal or other loss of data, could potentially jeopardize our, our employees’ or our fund investors’ or counterparties’ confidential, proprietary and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our, our employees’, our fund investors’, our counterparties’ or third parties’ business and operations, which could result in significant financial losses, increased costs, liability to our fund investors and other counterparties, regulatory intervention and reputational damage. Furthermore, if we fail to comply with the relevant laws and regulations or fail to provide the appropriate regulatory or other notifications of breach in a timely matter, it could result in regulatory investigations and penalties, which could lead to negative publicity and reputational harm and may cause our fund investors and clients to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures.

Our portfolio companies also rely on data processing systems and the secure processing, storage and transmission of information, including payment and health information. A disruption or compromise of these systems could have a material adverse effect on the value of these businesses. Our funds may invest in strategic assets having a national or regional profile or in infrastructure, the nature of which could expose them to a greater risk of being subject to a terrorist attack or security breach than other assets or businesses, or to restrictions to the circulation of products or services arising from epidemics, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Such an event may have material adverse consequences on our investment or assets of the same type or may require portfolio companies to increase preventative security measures or expand insurance coverage.

Finally, our technology, data and intellectual property and the technology, data and intellectual property of our portfolio companies are also subject to a heightened risk of theft or compromise given we and our portfolio companies engage in operations in Latin America, in particular in jurisdictions that do not have comparable levels of protection of proprietary information and assets such as intellectual property, trademarks, trade secrets, know-how and customer information and records, as compared to the United States. In addition, we and our portfolio companies may be required to compromise protections or forego rights to technology, data and intellectual property in order to operate in or access markets in certain jurisdictions. Any such direct or indirect compromise of these assets could have a material adverse impact on us and our portfolio companies.

We may not be able to successfully manage our intellectual property and may be subject to infringement claims.

We rely on a combination of contractual rights, trademarks and trade secrets to establish and protect our proprietary technology. Third parties may challenge, invalidate, circumvent, infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property, including at the administrative or judicial level, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to permit us to take advantage of current market trends or otherwise to provide competitive advantages, which could result in costly redesign efforts, the discontinuance of certain service offerings or other competitive harm. Others, including our competitors, may independently develop similar technology, duplicate our services or design around our intellectual property, and in such cases, we could not assert our intellectual property rights against such parties.

Further, our contractual arrangements may not effectively prevent disclosure of our confidential information or provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of our confidential information. We may have to litigate to enforce or determine the scope and enforceability of our intellectual property rights, trade secrets and know-how, which is expensive, could cause a diversion of resources and may not prove successful. Also, because of the rapid pace of technological change in our industry, aspects of our business and our services rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms or at all. The loss of intellectual property protection, the inability to obtain third-party intellectual property or delay or refusal by relevant regulatory authorities to approve pending intellectual property registration applications could harm our business and ability to compete. With respect to trademarks, loss of rights may result from term expirations, owner abandonment and forfeiture or cancellation proceedings before the Brazilian Patent and Trademark Office

 

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(Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, or the INPI) or authorities in other relevant jurisdictions. In addition, if we lose rights over registered trademarks, we would not be entitled to use such trademarks on an exclusive basis and, therefore, third parties would be able to use similar or identical trademarks to identify their products or services, which could adversely affect our business.

Rapidly developing and changing global privacy laws and regulations could increase compliance costs and subject us to enforcement risks and reputational damage.

We and our portfolio companies are subject to various risks and costs associated with the collection, processing, storage and transmission of personally identifiable information, or PII, and other sensitive and confidential information. This data is wide ranging and relates to our investors, employees, contractors and other counterparties and third parties. Our compliance obligations include those relating to the Cayman Islands Data Protection Act and Brazilian laws such as the LGPD, a comprehensive personal data protection law establishing general principles and obligations that apply across multiple economic sectors and contractual relationships and Brazilian bank secrecy laws, as well as obligations relating to data collection and privacy laws in jurisdictions in which we operate, including, for example, the GDPR in Europe, Dubai, and the Hong Kong Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance.

Law No. 14,010, of June 10, 2020, amended certain provisions of the LGPD, and postponed the administrative sanctions effectiveness to August 2021. However, LGPD allows private right of action, so we are still subject to individual claims for violations of LGPD, as of LGPD effective date. The LGPD applies to individuals or legal entities, private or government entities, who processes personal data in Brazil or collects personal data in Brazil or, further, when the processing activities have the purpose of offering or supplying goods or services to data subjects located in Brazil. The LGPD establishes detailed rules for processing personal data, which includes the collection, use, transfer and storage of personal data and will affect all economic sectors, including the relationship between clients and suppliers of goods and services, employees and employers and other relationships in which personal data is collected, whether in a digital or physical environment.

As of the LGPD effective date, all processing agents/legal entities will be required to adapt their data processing activities to comply with this new environment. We have implemented changes with respect to our policies and procedures designed to ensure our compliance with the relevant requirements under the LGPD.

The penalties and fines for violations of the LGPD include: (1) warnings, with the imposition of a deadline for the adoption of corrective measures; (2) a daily fine, up to a maximum amount of R$50.0 million per violation; (3) the restriction of access to the personal data to which the violation relates up to a six-month period, that can be extended for the same period, until the processing activities are compliant with the regulation, and in case of repetition of the violation, temporary block and/or deletion of the related personal data, partial or complete prohibition of processing activities; and (4) a fine of up to 2% of gross sales of the company or a group of companies or a maximum amount of R$50.0 million per violation. Any additional privacy laws or regulations enacted or approved in Brazil or in other jurisdictions in which we operate could seriously harm our business, financial condition or results of operations. Pursuant to the LGPD, security breaches that may result in significant risk or damage to personal data must be reported to the National Data Protection Authority (Autoridade Nacional de Proteção de Dados), or ANPD, the data protection regulatory body, within a reasonable time period. The notice to the ANPD must include: (a) a description of the nature of the personal data affected by the breach; (b) the affected data subjects; (c) the technical and security measures adopted; (d) the risks related to the breach; (e) the reasons for any delays in reporting the breach, if applicable; and (f) the measures adopted to revert or mitigate the effects of the damage caused by the breach. Moreover, the ANPD could establish other obligations related to data protection that are not described above.

Global laws relating to foreign data collection and privacy are rapidly increasing in the scale and depth of their requirements, and are also often extra-territorial in nature. In addition, a wide range of regulators are seeking to enforce these laws across regions and borders. Furthermore, we frequently have privacy compliance

 

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requirements as a result of our contractual obligations with counterparties. These legal and contractual obligations heighten our privacy obligations in the ordinary course of conducting our business in Brazil and internationally.

While we have taken various measures and made significant efforts and investment to ensure that our policies, processes and systems are both robust and compliance with these obligations, our potential liability remains, particularly given the continued and rapid development of privacy laws and regulations around the world, and increased enforcement action. Any inability, or perceived inability, by us or our portfolio companies to adequately address privacy concerns, or comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards and guidance, contractual obligations, or other legal obligations, even if unfounded, could result in significant regulatory and third-party liability, increased costs, disruption of our and our portfolio companies’ business and operations, and a loss of client (including investor) confidence and other reputational damage. Furthermore, as new privacy-related laws and regulations are implemented, the time and resources needed for us and our portfolio companies to comply with such laws and regulations continues to increase and become a significant compliance work stream.

Our operations are highly dependent on the information system and technology infrastructure that supports our business and on a number of external service providers for certain key market information and data, technology, processing and supporting functions.

We depend on our offices in George Town, Cayman Islands and São Paulo, Brazil, where most of our personnel are located, for the continued operation of our business. A disaster or a disruption in the infrastructure that supports our businesses, as a result of a cybersecurity incident or otherwise, including a disruption involving electronic communications or other services used by us or third parties with whom we conduct business, or directly affecting our headquarters, could have a material adverse impact on our ability to continue to operate our business without interruption. Our disaster recovery and business continuity programs may not be sufficient to mitigate the harm that may result from such a disaster or disruption. In addition, insurance and other safeguards may not be sufficient to cover all claims and might only partially reimburse us for our losses, if at all.

Our operations are highly dependent on our information systems and technology and we rely heavily on our financial, accounting, communications and other data processing systems, each of which may require update and enhancement as we grow our business. Our information systems and technology may not continue to be able to accommodate our growth, and the cost of maintaining such systems may increase from its current level. Such a failure to adapt to or accommodate growth, or an increase in costs related to such information systems, could have a material adverse effect on us.

In addition, we have become increasingly reliant on third party service providers for certain aspects of our business, including for the administration of certain funds, as well as for key market information and data, technology, processing and supporting functions, including cloud-based services. In addition to the fact that these third party service providers could also face ongoing cyber security threats and compromises of their systems, we generally have less control over the delivery of such third-party services, and as a result, we may face disruptions to our ability to operate a business as a result of interruptions of such services. Any interruption or deterioration in the performance of these third parties or failures or compromises of their information systems and technology could impair the operations of us and our funds and adversely affect our reputation and businesses. See “—Cybersecurity risks could result in the loss of data, interruptions in our business, damage to our reputation, and subject us to regulatory actions and/or lawsuits, increased costs and financial losses, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations” and “—Rapidly developing and changing global privacy laws and regulations could increase compliance costs and subject us to enforcement risks and reputational damage.”

 

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Extensive regulation of our businesses affects our activities and creates the potential for significant liabilities and penalties. The possibility of increased regulatory focus could result in additional burdens on our business.

Our business is subject to extensive regulation, including periodic examinations, by governmental agencies and self-regulatory organizations in the jurisdictions in which we operate around the world. These authorities have regulatory powers dealing with many aspects of financial services, including the authority to grant, and in specific circumstances to cancel, permissions to carry on particular activities. Many of these regulators, including Brazilian and foreign government agencies and self-regulatory organizations are also empowered to conduct investigations and administrative proceedings that can result in fines, suspensions of personnel, changes in policies, procedures or disclosure or other sanctions, including the issuance of cease-and-desist orders, the suspension or expulsion of an investment adviser from registration or memberships or the commencement of a civil or criminal lawsuit against us or our personnel.

Moreover, the financial services industry in recent years has been the subject of heightened scrutiny, and US and Brazilian regulators have specifically focused on private equity. In that connection, in recent years the SEC’s stated examination priorities have included, among other things, private equity firms’ disclosure and collection of fees and allocation of expenses, their marketing and valuation practices, allocation of investment opportunities, prevention of insider trading, and policies and procedures with respect to conflicts of interest and compliance measures customized to the actual circumstances. We regularly are subject to requests for information and informal or formal investigations by the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários), or CVM, and other regulatory authorities, as well as the Brazilian internal revenue service (Receita Federal Brasileira) and other tax revenue agencies, as well as self-regulating authorities, such as the Brazilian Financial and Capital Markets Association (Associação Brasileira das Entidades dos Mercados Financeiro e de Capitais), or ANBIMA and the Brazilian Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (Associação Brasileira de Private Equity e Venture Capital), or ABVCAP, with which we routinely cooperate, and which have included review of historical practices that were previously examined. Such investigations have previously and may in the future result in deficiency letters, penalties and other sanctions.

We are currently subject to a comprehensive regulatory regime and the ongoing requirements related to our registration as asset managers and administrators in Brazil with the CVM. We are also currently pursuing our registration as a distributor of certain securities with the CVM, which will result in additional liability and operational requirements. There is significant uncertainty regarding the allocation of responsibilities and functions performed by asset managers, administrators and distributors under Brazilian law and related rules and regulations. Actions and initiatives by the CVM or other regulators can have an adverse effect on our financial results, including as a result of the imposition of a sanction, a limitation on our or our personnel’s activities, or changing our historic practices. Even if an investigation or proceeding did not result in a sanction or the sanction imposed against us or our personnel by a regulator were small in monetary amount, the adverse publicity relating to the investigation, proceeding or imposition of these sanctions could harm our reputation and cause us to lose existing clients or fail to gain new clients.

We are exposed to certain risks that are particular to investing in emerging and other markets.

In maintaining significant investment exposure, in Brazil, as well as other emerging markets in Latin America, we are subject to political, economic, legal, operational and other risks that are inherent to operating and investing in these countries. These risks range from difficulties in settling transactions in emerging markets due to possible nationalization, expropriation, price controls and other restrictive governmental actions. We also face the risk that exchange controls or similar restrictions imposed by foreign governmental authorities may restrict our ability to convert local currency received or held by us in their countries into U.S. dollars or other currencies, or to take those dollars or other currencies out of those countries.

 

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We rely on complex exemptions from statutes in conducting our asset management activities.

We regularly rely on exemptions from various requirements of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the Investment Company Act, the Commodity Exchange Act and the U.S. Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, in conducting our asset management activities. These exemptions are sometimes highly complex and may in certain circumstances depend on compliance by third parties whom we do not control. If for any reason these exemptions were to become unavailable to us, we could become subject to regulatory action or third party claims and our business could be materially and adversely affected. For example, the “bad actor” disqualification provisions of Rule 506 of Regulation D under the Securities Act ban an issuer from offering or selling securities pursuant to the safe harbor rule in Rule 506 if the issuer or any other “covered person” is the subject of a criminal, regulatory or court order or other “disqualifying event” under the rule which has not been waived. The definition of “covered person” includes an issuer’s directors, general partners, managing members and executive officers; affiliates who are also issuing securities in the offering; beneficial owners of 20% or more of the issuer’s outstanding equity securities; and promoters and persons compensated for soliciting investors in the offering. Accordingly, our ability to rely on Rule 506 to offer or sell securities would be impaired if we or any “covered person” is the subject of a disqualifying event under the rule and we are unable to obtain a waiver. The requirements imposed by our regulators are designed primarily to ensure the integrity of the financial markets and to protect investors in our investment funds and are not designed to protect the holders of our Class A common shares. Consequently, these regulations often serve to limit our activities and impose burdensome compliance requirements.

We are subject to increasing scrutiny from certain investors with respect to the societal and environmental impact of investments made by our funds, which may constrain capital deployment opportunities for our funds and adversely impact our ability to raise capital from such investors.

In recent years, certain investors, including public pension funds, have placed increasing importance on the negative impacts of investments made by the private equity and other funds to which they commit capital, including with respect to ESG matters. Certain investors have also demonstrated increased activism with respect to existing investments, including by urging asset managers to take certain actions that could adversely impact the value of an investment, or refrain from taking certain actions that could improve the value of an investment. At times, investors have conditioned future capital commitments on the taking or refraining from taking of such actions. Increased focus and activism related to ESG and similar matters may constrain our capital deployment opportunities, and the demands of certain investors, including public pension funds, may further limit the types of investments that are available to our funds. In addition, investors, including public pension funds, which represent an important portion of our funds’ investor bases, may decide to withdraw previously committed capital from our funds (where such withdrawal is permitted) or to not commit capital to future fundraises as a result of their assessment of our approach to and consideration of the social cost of investments made by our funds. To the extent our access to capital from investors, including public pension funds, is impaired, we may not be able to maintain or increase the size of our funds or raise sufficient capital for new funds, which may adversely impact our revenues.

In addition, ESG matters have been the subject of increased focus by certain regulators in the EU. For example, the European Commission has proposed legislative reforms, which include, without limitation: (a) Regulation 2019/2088 regarding the introduction of transparency and disclosure obligations for investors, funds and asset managers in relation to ESG factors, for which most rules are proposed to take effect beginning on March 10, 2021 and (b) a proposed regulation regarding the introduction of EU-wide taxonomy of environmentally sustainable activities, which is proposed to take effect in a staggered approach beginning on December 31, 2021. As a result of these legislative initiatives, we may be required to provide additional disclosure to investors in our funds with respect to ESG matters.

 

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We are subject to substantial litigation risks and may face significant liabilities and damage to our professional reputation as a result of litigation allegations and negative publicity.

In recent years, the volume of claims and amount of damages claimed in litigation and regulatory proceedings against the financial services industry in general have been increasing and are generally expected to continue to increase in the future. The investment decisions we make in our asset management business and the activities of our investment professionals on behalf of portfolio companies may subject the companies, funds and us to the risk of third party litigation arising from investor dissatisfaction with the performance of those investment funds, alleged conflicts of interest, the suitability or manner of distribution of our products, the activities of our funds’ portfolio companies, including labor, tax, criminal and environmental claims related thereto, as well as a variety of other litigation claims.

In addition, Brazilian authorities and/or courts may, in some cases, apply legal doctrines such as piercing the corporate veil or enact legal statutes that impose joint and several liability or secondary liability, holding controlling shareholders and other companies of an economic group jointly liable for labor, social security, consumer related and environmental obligations, even in the absence of fraudulent conduct. Accordingly, our portfolio companies and our funds, may be subject to judicial and administrative proceedings related to debts, contingencies or liabilities related to our portfolio companies as a whole, and we may ultimately be liable for those debts, contingencies and liabilities if we do not successfully defend ourselves in such proceedings.

The costs and effects of pending and future litigation, investigations or similar matters, or adverse facts and developments related thereto, could materially affect our business, financial position and results of operations. From time to time we, our funds and our funds’ public portfolio companies may be subject to securities class action lawsuits by shareholders, as well as class action lawsuits that challenge our acquisition transactions and/or attempt to enjoin them.

In addition, to the extent investors in our investment funds suffer losses resulting from fraud, gross negligence, willful misconduct or other similar misconduct, investors may have remedies against us, our investment funds, our senior managing directors or our affiliates under the relevant securities laws. While the general partners and investment advisers to our investment funds, including their directors, officers, other employees and affiliates, are generally indemnified to the fullest extent permitted by law with respect to their conduct in connection with the management of the business and affairs of our investment funds, such indemnity does not extend to actions determined to have involved fraud, gross negligence, willful misconduct or other similar misconduct.

The activities of our capital markets services business may also subject us to the risk of liabilities to our clients and third parties, including our clients’ shareholders, under securities or other laws in connection with transactions in which we participate.

If any private lawsuits or regulatory actions were brought against us and resulted in a finding of substantial legal liability, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations or cause significant reputational harm to us, which could seriously harm our business. We depend to a large extent on our business relationships and our reputation for integrity and high-caliber professional services to attract and retain investors and to pursue investment opportunities for our funds. As a result, allegations of improper conduct by private litigants, regulators, or employees, whether the ultimate outcome is favorable or unfavorable to us, as well as negative publicity and press speculation about us, our investment activities, our lines of business or distribution channels, our workplace environment, or the private equity industry in general, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation, which may be more damaging to our business than to other types of businesses.

Further, disputes might arise in relation to the business activities of certain of our portfolio companies or the performance of the service providers thereunder. To the extent that any client of our portfolio companies or their service providers disagrees with us on the quality of the products or services, terms and conditions of the

 

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payment or other provisions of such services, we may face claims, disputes, litigations or other proceedings initiated by such clients against us. We may incur substantial expenses and require significant attention of management in defending against these claims, regardless of their merit. We could also face damage to our reputation as a result of such claims, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and sanctions laws and regulations.

We operate in jurisdictions that have a high risk of corruption and we are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery anti-money laundering and sanctions laws and regulations, including the Brazilian Federal Law No. 12,846/2013, or the Clean Company Act, the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, and the Bribery Act 2010 of the United Kingdom, or the Bribery Act. Each of the Clean Company Act, the FCPA and the Bribery Act impose liability against companies who engage in bribery of government officials, either directly or through intermediaries. We have a compliance program that is designed to manage the risks of doing business in light of these new and existing legal and regulatory requirements. Violations of the anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and sanctions laws and regulations could result in criminal liability, administrative and civil lawsuits, significant fines and penalties, forfeiture of significant assets, as well as reputational harm to us or to our portfolio companies.

Regulators may increase enforcement of these obligations, which may require us to adjust our compliance and anti-money laundering programs, including the procedures we use to verify the identity of our clients and to monitor our transactions. Regulators may reexamine the transaction volume thresholds at which we must obtain and keep applicable records, verify identities of customers, and report any change in such thresholds to the applicable regulatory authorities, which could result in increased costs in order to comply with these legal and regulatory requirements. Costs associated with fines or enforcement actions, changes in compliance requirements, or limitations on our ability to grow could harm our business, and any new requirements or changes to existing requirements could impose significant costs, result in delays to planned products or services improvements, make it more difficult to obtain new clients and reduce the attractiveness of our products and services. As a result, allegations of improper conduct as well as negative publicity and press speculation about us or our portfolio companies, or the private equity industry in general, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation, which may be more damaging to our business than to other types of businesses.

Misconduct of our employees, consultants or subcontractors could harm us by impairing our ability to attract and retain clients and subjecting us to significant legal liability and reputational harm. Fraud and other deceptive practices or other misconduct at our funds’ portfolio companies could similarly subject us to liability and reputational damage and also harm performance.

Our employees, consultants and subcontractors could engage in misconduct that adversely affects our business. We are subject to a number of obligations and standards arising from our asset management business and our authority over the assets managed by our asset management business. The violation of these obligations and standards by any of our employees, consultants and subcontractors would adversely affect our clients and us. Our business often requires that we deal with confidential matters of great significance to companies in which we may invest. If our employees, consultants and subcontractors were to improperly use or disclose confidential information, we could suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial position and current and future business relationships. Detecting or deterring employee misconduct is not always possible, and the extensive precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in all cases. If one of our employees, consultants and subcontractors were to engage in misconduct or were to be accused of such misconduct, our business and our reputation could be adversely affected.

In recent years, regulatory authorities across various jurisdictions, such as Brazil the United States and the United Kingdom, among others, have increasingly focused on enhancing and enforcing anti-bribery laws, such as the Clean Company Act, FCPA and the Bribery Act. While we have developed and implemented policies and

 

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procedures designed to ensure strict compliance by us and our personnel with such laws, such policies and procedures may not be effective in all instances to prevent violations. Any determination that we have violated the Clean Company Act, the FCPA, the U.K. anti-bribery laws or other applicable anti-corruption laws could subject us to, among other things, civil and criminal penalties or material fines, profit disgorgement, injunctions on future conduct, securities litigation and a general loss of investor confidence, any one of which could adversely affect our business prospects, financial position or the market value of our Class A common shares.

In addition, we may also be adversely affected if there is misconduct by personnel of portfolio companies in which our funds invest. For example, financial fraud or other deceptive practices at our funds’ portfolio companies, or failures by personnel at our funds’ portfolio companies to comply with anti-bribery, trade sanctions, anti-harassment or other legal and regulatory requirements, could subject us to, among other things, civil and criminal penalties or material fines, profit disgorgement, injunctions on future conduct and securities litigation, and could also cause significant reputational and business harm to us. Such misconduct may undermine our due diligence efforts with respect to such portfolio companies and could negatively affect the valuations of the investments by our funds in such portfolio companies. In addition, we may face an increased risk of such misconduct resulting from our emphasis in making investments in Latin America.

Poor performance of our investment funds would cause a decline in our revenue, income and cash flow, may obligate us to repay performance allocations previously paid to us, and could adversely affect our ability to raise capital for future investment funds.

In the event that any of our investment funds were to perform poorly, our revenue, income and cash flow would decline because the value of our assets under management would decrease, which would result in a reduction in management fees, and our investment returns would decrease, resulting in a reduction in the performance allocations and incentive fees we earn. Moreover, we could experience losses on our investments of our own principal as a result of poor investment performance by our investment funds. Furthermore, if, as a result of poor performance of later investments in a carry fund’s life, the fund does not achieve certain investment returns for the fund over its life, we will be obligated to repay the amount by which performance allocations that were previously distributed to us exceed the amount to which the relevant general partner is ultimately entitled.

Poor performance of our investment funds could make it more difficult for us to raise new capital. Investors in funds might decline to invest in future investment funds we raise and investors in hedge funds or other investment funds might withdraw their investments as a result of poor performance of the investment funds in which they are invested. Investors and potential investors in our funds continually assess our investment funds’ performance, and our ability to raise capital for existing and future investment funds and avoid excessive redemption levels will depend on our investment funds’ continued satisfactory performance. Accordingly, poor fund performance may deter future investment in our funds and thereby decrease the capital invested in our funds and ultimately, our management fee revenue. Alternatively, in the face of poor fund performance, investors could demand lower fees or fee concessions for existing or future funds which would likewise decrease our revenue.

Our asset management business depends in large part on our ability to raise capital from third party investors. A failure to raise capital from third party investors on attractive fee terms or at all, would impact our ability to collect management fees or deploy such capital into investments and potentially collect performance allocations, which would materially reduce our revenue and cash flow and adversely affect our financial condition.

Our ability to raise capital from third party investors depends on a number of factors, including certain factors that are outside our control. Certain factors, such as the performance of the stock market and the asset allocation rules or investment policies to which such third party investors are subject, could inhibit or restrict the ability of third party investors to make investments in our investment funds or the asset classes in which our investment funds invest. In addition, volatility in the valuations of investments, has in the past and may in the

 

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future affect our ability to raise capital from third party investors. To the extent periods of volatility are coupled with a lack of realizations from investors’ existing private equity, infrastructure, credit and real estate portfolios, such investors may be left with disproportionately outsized remaining commitments to a number of investment funds, which significantly limits such investors’ ability to make new commitments to third party managed investment funds such as those managed by us.

Our ability to raise new funds could similarly be hampered if the general appeal of private equity and other alternative investments were to decline. An investment in a limited partner interest in a private equity fund is more illiquid and the returns on such investment may be more volatile than an investment in securities for which there is a more active and transparent market. In periods of positive markets and low volatility, for example, investors may favor passive investment strategies such as index funds over our actively managed investment vehicles. Alternative investments could also fall into disfavor as a result of concerns about liquidity and short-term performance. Such concerns could be exhibited, in particular, by public pension funds, which have historically been among the largest investors in alternative assets. Many public pension funds are significantly underfunded and their funding problems have been, and may in the future be, exacerbated by economic downturn and/or governmental policies or measures. Concerns with liquidity could cause such public pension funds to reevaluate the appropriateness of alternative investments. Although a number of investors, including certain public pension funds, have increased their allocations to the alternative investments asset class in recent years, there is no assurance that this will continue or that our ability to raise capital from investors will not be hampered.

Moreover, certain institutional investors are demonstrating a preference to in-source their own investment professionals and to make direct investments in alternative assets without the assistance of private equity advisers like us. Such institutional investors may become our competitors and could cease to be our clients. As some existing investors cease or significantly curtail making commitments to alternative investment funds, we may need to identify and attract new investors in order to maintain or increase the size of our investment funds. There are no assurances that we can find or secure commitments from those new investors or that the fee terms of the commitments from such new investors will be consistent with the fees historically paid to us by our investors. If economic conditions were to deteriorate or if we are unable to find new investors, we might raise less than our desired amount for a given fund. Further, as we seek to expand into other asset classes, we may be unable to raise a sufficient amount of capital to adequately support such businesses. A failure to successfully raise capital could materially reduce our revenue and cash flow and adversely affect our financial condition.

In connection with raising new funds or making further investments in existing funds, we negotiate terms for such funds and investments with existing and potential investors. The outcome of such negotiations could result in our agreement to terms that are materially less favorable to us than for prior funds we have managed or funds managed by our competitors, including with respect to management fees, incentive fees and/or performance fees, which could have an adverse impact on our revenues. Such terms could also restrict our ability to raise investment funds with investment objectives or strategies that compete with existing funds, add additional expenses and obligations for us in managing the fund or increase our potential liabilities, all of which could ultimately reduce our revenues. In addition, certain institutional investors, including sovereign wealth funds and public pension funds, have demonstrated an increased preference for alternatives to the traditional investment fund structure, such as managed accounts, smaller funds and co-investment vehicles. There can be no assurance that such alternatives will be as profitable for us as the traditional investment fund structure, or as to the impact such a trend could have on the cost of our operations or profitability if we were to implement these alternative investment structures. In addition, certain institutional investors have publicly criticized certain fund fee and expense structures, including management fees and transaction and advisory fees. Although we have no obligation to modify any of our fees with respect to our existing funds, we may experience pressure to do so in our funds. For example, we have confronted and expect to continue to confront requests from a variety of investors and groups representing investors to decrease fees, which could result in a reduction in the fees and performance allocations and incentive fees we earn.

 

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Interest rates on our and our portfolio companies’ outstanding financial instruments might be subject to change based on regulatory developments, which could adversely affect our revenue, expenses and the value of those financial instruments.

LIBOR and certain other floating rate benchmark indices, including, without limitation, the Euro Interbank Offered Rate, Tokyo Interbank Offered Rate, Hong Kong Interbank Offered Rate and Singapore Interbank Offered Rate (collectively, “IBORs”) are the subject of recent national, international and regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. These reforms may cause such benchmarks to perform differently than in the past or have other consequences which cannot be predicted. On July 27, 2017, the FCA, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit LIBOR rates after 2021, but secured the voluntary agreement of the LIBOR panel banks to continue to submit LIBOR rates until that time. Other jurisdictions have also indicated they will implement reforms or phase-outs, which are currently scheduled to take effect at the end of calendar year 2021. A transition away from the widespread use of the various IBORs to alternative rates is expected to occur over the course of the next several years. However, there is a lack of clarity as to what methods of calculating a replacement benchmark will be established or adopted generally, or whether different industry bodies, such as the loan market and the derivatives market, will adopt the same methodologies. In addition, as part of the transition to a replacement benchmark, parties may seek to adjust the spreads relative to such benchmarks in underlying contractual arrangements. As a result, interest rates on financial instruments tied to IBOR rates, including those where we or our funds are exposed as lender or borrower, as well as the revenue and expenses associated with those financial instruments, may be adversely affected.

In addition, meaningful time and effort is required to transition to the use of new benchmark rates, including with respect to the negotiation and implementation of any necessary changes to existing contractual arrangements and the implementation of changes to our systems and processes. We are actively evaluating the operational and other impacts of such changes and managing transition efforts accordingly.

Certain policies and procedures implemented to mitigate potential conflicts of interest and address certain regulatory requirements may reduce the synergies across our various businesses.

Because of our various lines of asset management businesses, we may be subject to certain conflicts of interest and subject to greater regulatory oversight and more legal and contractual restrictions than that to which we would otherwise be subject if we had just one line of business. For example, we may cause funds that we manage in different lines of business to purchase different classes of securities in the same portfolio company, such as if one of our credit funds acquired a debt security issued by the same company in which one of our private equity funds owns common equity securities, or we may cause funds that we manage in different lines of business to purchase securities in the same portfolio company, such as if one of our constructivist equity funds acquired an equity security issued by the same company in which one of our private equity funds owns equity securities. A direct conflict of interest could arise between the debt holders and the equity holders or among funds that we manage in different lines of business, if such a company were to develop insolvency concerns, and we would have to carefully manage that conflict. To mitigate these conflicts and address regulatory, legal and contractual requirements across our various businesses, we have implemented certain policies and procedures (for example, information walls) that may reduce the positive synergies that we cultivate across these businesses for purposes of identifying and managing attractive investments. For example, we may come into possession of material non-public information with respect to issuers in which we may be considering making an investment or issuers in which our affiliates may hold an interest. As a consequence of such policies and procedures, we may be precluded from providing such information or other ideas to our other lines of business that might be of benefit to them.

Our failure to deal appropriately with conflicts of interest in our investment business could damage our reputation and adversely affect our businesses.

As we have expanded and as we continue to expand the number and scope of our businesses, we increasingly confront potential conflicts of interest relating to our funds’ investment activities. Investment

 

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manager conflicts of interest continue to be a significant area of focus for regulators and the media. Because of our size and the variety of businesses and investment strategies that we pursue, we may face a higher degree of scrutiny compared with investment managers that are smaller or focus on fewer asset classes. Certain of our funds may have overlapping investment objectives, including funds that have different fee structures and/or investment strategies that are more narrowly focused, and potential conflicts may arise with respect to allocation of investment opportunities among those funds to the extent the fund documents do not mandate a specific investment allocation. For example, we may allocate an investment opportunity that is appropriate for two or more investment funds in a manner that excludes one or more funds or results in a disproportionate allocation based on factors or criteria that we determine, such as sourcing of the transaction, specific nature of the investment or size and type of the investment, among other factors.

We may also decide to provide a co-investment opportunity to certain investors in lieu of allocating a piece of the investment to our funds. In addition, the challenge of allocating investment opportunities to certain funds may be exacerbated as we expand our business to include more lines of business, including more public vehicles. Allocating investment opportunities appropriately frequently involves significant and subjective judgments. The risk that fund investors could challenge allocation decisions as inconsistent with our obligations under applicable law, governing fund agreements or our own policies cannot be eliminated. In addition, the perception of non-compliance with such requirements or policies could harm our reputation with fund investors.

We may also cause different funds to invest in a single portfolio company, for example where the fund that made an initial investment no longer has capital available to invest. We may also cause different funds that we manage to purchase different classes of securities in the same portfolio company. A decision to acquire material non-public information about a company while pursuing an investment opportunity for a particular fund gives rise to a potential conflict of interest when it results in our having to restrict the ability of other funds to take any action. Our affiliates may be service providers or counterparties to our funds or portfolio companies and receive fees or other compensation for services that are not shared with our fund investors. In such instances, we may be incentivized to cause our funds or portfolio companies to purchase such services from our affiliates rather than an unaffiliated service provider despite the fact that a third party service provider could potentially provide higher quality services or offer them at a lower cost. In addition, conflicts of interest may exist in the valuation of our investments and regarding decisions about the allocation of specific investment and co-investment opportunities among us, our funds and our affiliates, as well as the allocation of fees and expenses among us, our funds and their portfolio companies, and our affiliates. Lastly, in certain, infrequent instances we may purchase an investment alongside one of our investment funds or sell an investment to one of our investment funds and conflicts may arise in respect of the allocation, pricing and timing of such investments and the ultimate disposition of such investments. A failure to appropriately deal with these, among other, conflicts, could negatively impact our reputation and ability to raise additional funds or result in potential litigation or regulatory action against us.

Conflicts of interest may arise in our allocation of co-investment opportunities.

Potential conflicts will arise with respect to our decisions regarding how to allocate co-investment opportunities among investors and the terms of any such co-investments. As a general matter, our allocation of co-investment opportunities is within our discretion and there can be no assurance that co-investment opportunities of any particular type or amount will become available to any of our investors. We may take into account a variety of factors and considerations we deem relevant in allocating co-investment opportunities, including, without limitation, whether a potential co-investor has expressed an interest in evaluating co-investment opportunities, our assessment of a potential co-investor’s ability to invest an amount of capital that fits the needs of the investment and our assessment of a potential co-investor’s ability to commit to a co-investment opportunity within the required timeframe of the particular transaction.

The investment advisers of our funds may have an incentive to provide potential co-investment opportunities to certain investors in lieu of others and/or in lieu of an allocation to our funds

 

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(including, for example, as part of an investor’s overall strategic relationship with us) if such allocations are expected to generate relatively greater fees or performance allocations to us than would arise if such co-investment opportunities were allocated otherwise.

Co-investment arrangements may be structured through one or more of our investment vehicles, and in such circumstances co-investors will generally bear the costs and expenses thereof (which may lead to conflicts of interest regarding the allocation of costs and expenses between such co-investors and investors in our funds). The terms of any such existing and future co-investment vehicles may differ materially, and in some instances may be more favorable to us, than the terms of certain of our funds or prior co-investment vehicles, and such different terms may create an incentive for us to allocate a greater or lesser percentage of an investment opportunity to such co-investment vehicles. There can be no assurance that any conflicts of interest will be resolved in favor of any particular investment funds or investors (including any applicable co-investors).

Valuation methodologies for certain assets in our funds can be subject to significant subjectivity and the fair value of assets established pursuant to such methodologies may never be realized, which could result in significant losses for our funds and the reduction of performance revenues.

Our investment funds make investments in illiquid investments or financial instruments for which there is little, if any, market activity. We determine the value of such investments and financial instruments based on the fair value of such investments. The fair value of such investments and financial instruments is generally determined using a primary methodology and corroborated by a secondary methodology. Methodologies are used on a consistent basis and described in the investment funds’ valuation policies.

The determination of fair value using these methodologies takes into consideration a range of factors including, but not limited to, the price at which the investment was acquired, the nature of the investment, local market conditions, trading values on public exchanges for comparable securities, current and projected operating performance and financing transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment. These valuation methodologies involve a significant degree of management judgment. For example, as to investments that we share with another sponsor, we may apply a different valuation methodology than the other sponsor does or derive a different value than the other sponsor has derived on the same investment. These differences might cause some investors to question our valuations.

Because there is significant uncertainty in the valuation of, or in the stability of the value of illiquid investments, the fair values of such investments as reflected in an investment fund’s net asset value do not necessarily reflect the prices that would actually be obtained by us on behalf of the investment fund when such investments are realized. Realizations at values significantly lower than the values at which investments have been reflected in prior fund net asset values would result in reduced gains or losses for the applicable fund, a decline in certain asset management fees and the reduction in potential performance allocations and incentive fees. Changes in values of investments from quarter to quarter may result in volatility in our investment funds’ net asset value, our investment in, or fees from, those funds and the results of operations and cash flow that we report from period to period. Further, a situation where asset values turn out to be materially different than values reflected in prior fund net asset values could cause investors to lose confidence in us, which would in turn result in difficulty in raising additional funds or redemptions from our hedge funds.

We may use borrowings to finance our business, exposing us to risks.

We may use borrowings to finance our business operations in the future. Although we do not have any outstanding indebtedness as of the date of this prospectus, we may enter in the future into facility agreements, issue notes, or enter into other financing arrangements, each of which could result in higher costs. We may also issue equity, which would dilute existing shareholders. Further, we may choose to repay any future borrowings using cash on hand, cash provided by our continuing operations or cash from the sale of our assets, each of which could reduce the amount of cash available to facilitate the growth and expansion of our businesses and pay

 

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dividends to our shareholders and operating expenses and other obligations as they arise. In order to obtain any future borrowings, we depend on the willingness and ability of financial institutions such as global banks to extend credit to us on favorable terms, and on our ability to access the debt and equity capital markets, which can be volatile. There is no guarantee that such financial institutions will extend credit to us or that we will be able to access the capital markets to obtain borrowings.

The historical returns attributable to our funds should not be considered as indicative of the future results of our funds or of our future results or of any returns expected on an investment in Class A common shares.

The historical and potential future returns of the investment funds that we manage are not directly linked to returns on our Class A common shares. Therefore, any continued positive performance of the investment funds that we manage will not necessarily result in positive returns on an investment in our Class A common shares. However, poor performance of the investment funds that we manage would cause a decline in our revenue from such investment funds, and would therefore have a negative effect on our performance and in all likelihood the returns on an investment in our Class A common shares.

Moreover, with respect to the historical returns of our investment funds:

 

   

we may create new funds in the future that reflect a different asset mix and different investment strategies, as well as a varied geographic and industry exposure as compared to our present funds, and any such new funds could have different returns from our existing or previous funds;

 

   

despite periods of volatility, market conditions have been largely favorable in recent years, which has helped to generate positive performance, particularly in our private equity, infrastructure, credit and real estate businesses, but there can be no assurance that such conditions will repeat or that our current or future investment funds will avail themselves of comparable market conditions;

 

   

the rates of returns of our carry funds reflect unrealized gains as of the applicable measurement date that may never be realized, which may adversely affect the ultimate value realized from those funds’ investments;

 

   

competition for investment opportunities resulting from, among other things, the increased amount of capital invested in alternative investment funds continues to increase;

 

   

our investment funds’ returns in some years benefited from investment opportunities and general market conditions that may not repeat themselves, our current or future investment funds might not be able to avail themselves of comparable investment opportunities or market conditions, and the circumstances under which our current or future funds may make future investments may differ significantly from those conditions prevailing in the past;

 

   

newly established funds may generate lower returns during the period in which they initially deploy their capital; and

 

   

the rates of return reflect our historical cost structure, which may vary in the future due to various factors elsewhere in this prospectus and other factors beyond our control, including changes in laws.

The future internal rate of return for any current or future fund may vary considerably from the historical internal rate of return generated by any particular fund, or for our funds as a whole. In addition, future returns will be affected by the applicable risks described elsewhere in prospectus, including risks of the industries and businesses in which a particular fund invests.

The due diligence process that we undertake in connection with investments by our investment funds may not reveal all facts and issues that may be relevant in connection with an investment.

When evaluating a potential business or asset for investment, we conduct due diligence that we deem reasonable and appropriate based on the facts and circumstances applicable to such investment. When conducting

 

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due diligence, we may be required to evaluate important and complex issues, including but not limited to those related to business, financial, credit risk, tax, accounting, ESG, legal and regulatory and macroeconomic trends. With respect to ESG, the nature and scope of our diligence will vary based on the investment, but may include a review of, among other things: air and water pollution, diversity, employee health and safety, accounting standards and bribery and corruption. Outside consultants, legal advisers, accountants and investment banks may be involved in the due diligence process in varying degrees depending on the type of investment. The due diligence investigation that we will carry out with respect to any investment opportunity may not reveal or highlight all relevant facts (including fraud) or risks that may be necessary or helpful in evaluating such investment opportunity and we may not identify or foresee future developments that could have a material adverse effect on an investment, including, for example, potential factors, such as technological disruption of a specific company or asset, or an entire industry. Further, some matters covered by our diligence, such as ESG, are continuously evolving and we may not accurately or fully anticipate such evolution. In addition, when conducting due diligence on investments, including with respect to investments made by our funds, we rely on the resources available to us and information supplied by third parties, including information provided by the target of the investment. The information we receive from third parties may not be accurate or complete and therefore we may not have all the relevant facts and information necessary to properly assess and monitor our funds’ investment.

We expect to continue to make investments in companies that are based in Latin America, which may expose us to additional risks not typically associated with investing in companies that are based in the United States.

Our investment funds generally invest their assets in the equity, debt, loans or other securities of issuers located in Latin America, including in Brazil, Colombia, Chile and Argentina. Investments in non-U.S. securities involve certain factors not typically associated with investing in U.S. securities, including risks relating to:

 

   

currency exchange matters, including fluctuations in currency exchange rates and costs associated with conversion of investment principal and income from one currency into another;

 

   

less developed or efficient financial markets than in the United States, which may lead to potential price volatility and relative illiquidity;

 

   

the absence of uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and disclosure requirements and less government supervision and regulation;

 

   

changes in laws or clarifications to existing laws that could impact our tax treaty positions, which could adversely impact the returns on our investments;

 

   

a less developed legal or regulatory environment, differences in the legal and regulatory environment or enhanced legal and regulatory compliance;

 

   

heightened exposure to corruption risk in non-U.S. markets;

 

   

political hostility to investments by foreign or private equity investors;

 

   

reliance on a more limited number of commodity inputs, service providers and/or distribution mechanisms;

 

   

higher rates of inflation;

 

   

higher transaction costs;

 

   

difficulty in enforcing contractual obligations;

 

   

fewer investor protections and less publicly available information in respect of companies in non-U.S. markets;

 

   

certain economic and political risks, including potential exchange control regulations and restrictions on non-U.S. investments and repatriation of profits on investments or of capital invested, the risks of

 

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political, economic or social instability, the possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation and adverse economic and political developments; and

 

   

the possible imposition of non-U.S. taxes or withholding on income and gains recognized with respect to such securities.

There can be no assurance that adverse developments with respect to such risks will not adversely affect our assets that are held in certain countries or the returns from these assets. See “—Inflation and government measures to curb inflation may adversely affect the economies and capital markets in some of the countries in where we operate, and as a result, harm our business and the trading price of our Class A common shares.”

Our asset management activities primarily involve investments in relatively high-risk, illiquid assets, and we may fail to realize any profits from these activities for a considerable period of time or lose some or all of our principal investments.

Our investment funds primarily invest in securities that are not publicly traded. In many cases, our investment funds may be prohibited by contract or by applicable securities laws from selling such securities for a period of time. Our investment funds will generally not be able to sell these securities publicly unless their sale is registered under applicable securities laws, or unless an exemption from such registration is available. The ability of many of our investment funds, particularly our private equity funds, to dispose of investments is heavily dependent on the public equity markets. For example, the ability to realize any value from an investment may depend upon the ability to complete an initial public offering of the portfolio company in which such investment is held. Even if the securities are publicly traded, large holdings of securities can often be disposed of only over a substantial length of time, exposing the investment returns to risks of downward movement in market prices during the intended disposition period. Moreover, because the investment strategy of many of our funds, particularly our private equity, infrastructure, credit and real estate funds, often entails our having representation on our funds’ public portfolio company boards, our funds may be restricted in their ability to effect such sales during certain time periods. Accordingly, under certain conditions, our investment funds may be forced to either sell securities at lower prices than they had expected to realize or defer—potentially for a considerable period of time—sales that they had planned to make. We have made and expect to continue to make significant principal investments in our current and future investment funds. Contributing capital to these investment funds is risky, and we may lose some or the entire principal amount of our investments.

We may pursue large or otherwise complex investments, which involve enhanced business, regulatory, legal, environmental and other risks.

A number of our funds, including our real estate, infrastructure, credit and private equity funds, have invested and intend to continue to invest in large transactions or transactions that otherwise have substantial business, regulatory or legal complexity. In addition, as we raise new funds, such funds’ mandates may include investing in such transactions. Such investments involve enhanced risks. For example, larger or otherwise complex transactions may be more difficult, expensive and time-consuming to finance and execute. In addition, managing or realizing value from such investments may be more difficult as a result of, among other things, a limited universe of potential acquirers. In addition, larger or otherwise complex transactions may entail a higher level of scrutiny by regulators, labor unions and other third parties, as well as a greater risk of unknown and/or contingent liabilities. Any of these factors could increase the risk that our larger or more complex investments could be less successful and in turn harm the performance of our funds.

Larger transactions may be structured as “consortium transactions” due to the size of the investment and the amount of capital required to be invested. A consortium transaction involves an equity investment in which two or more investors serve together or collectively as equity sponsors. Consortium transactions generally entail a reduced level of control by us over the investment because governance rights must be shared with the other investors. Accordingly, we may not be able to control decisions relating to the investment, including decisions

 

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relating to the management and operation of the company and the timing and nature of any exit, which could result in the risks described in “—Our investment funds may make investments in companies that we do not control.” In addition, the consequences to our investment funds of an unsuccessful larger investment could be more severe given the size of the investment.

Our investment funds may make investments in companies that we do not control.

Investments by certain of our investment funds may include debt instruments and equity securities of companies that we do not control. Such investments will be subject to the risk that the company in which the investment is made may make business, financial or management decisions with which we do not agree or that the majority stakeholders or the management of the company may take risks or otherwise act in a manner that does not serve our interests. In addition, to the extent we hold only a minority equity interest in a company, we may lack affirmative control rights, which may diminish our ability to influence the company’s affairs in a manner intended to enhance the value of our investment in the company, including with respect to the form and timing of an exit. If any of the foregoing were to occur, the values of investments by our investment funds could decrease and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could suffer as a result.

Our investments in prospective portfolio companies may be risky, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

We are guided in our strategic efforts by our investment focus, which is to acquire control or joint control equity investments in medium to large Latin American companies that require change. Overleveraged, distressed, underperforming or small regional or family-owned situations will also be considered. Such businesses will be subject to increased exposure to adverse economic factors such as a significant rise in local interest rates, a severe downturn in the relevant country’s economy or deterioration in the condition of such portfolio company or its industry. In the event that such portfolio company is unable to generate sufficient cash flow to meet principal and interest payments on its indebtedness, the value of our equity investment in such portfolio company could be significantly reduced or even eliminated. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. These events could prevent us from increasing investments and harm our operating results.

An investment strategy focused primarily on privately held companies presents certain challenges, including the lack of available information about these companies, a dependence on the talents and efforts of only a few key portfolio company personnel and a greater vulnerability to economic downturns.

Generally, little public information exists about privately held companies, and we will be required to rely on the ability of our investment professionals to obtain adequate information to evaluate the potential returns from investing in these companies. If we are unable to uncover all material information about these companies, we may not make a fully informed investment decision, and we may lose money on our investments. Also, privately held companies frequently have less diverse product lines and smaller market presence than larger competitors. These factors could affect our investment returns.

In addition, while it is not our intended investment focus, we may in the future purchase interests in companies that we do not control, including joint ventures and minority interests in such companies. Such purchases would be subject to risk we could not control.

Investments by our investment funds will in many cases rank junior to investments made by others.

In most cases, the companies in which our investment funds invest will have indebtedness or equity securities, or may be permitted to incur indebtedness or to issue equity securities, that rank senior to our investment. By their terms, such instruments may provide that their holders are entitled to receive payments of dividends, interest or principal on or before the dates on which payments are to be made in respect of our

 

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investment. Also, in the event of insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of a company in which an investment is made, holders of securities ranking senior to our investment would typically be entitled to receive payment in full before distributions could be made in respect of our investment. After repaying senior security holders, the company may not have any remaining assets to use for repaying amounts owed in respect of our investment. To the extent that any assets remain, holders of claims that rank equally with our investment would be entitled to share on an equal and ratable basis in distributions that are made out of those assets. Also, during periods of financial distress or following an insolvency, the ability of our investment funds to influence a company’s affairs and to take actions to protect their investments may be substantially less than that of the senior creditors.

Investors in our open-ended funds may redeem their investments in these funds. In addition, the investment management agreements that may be offered by us related to separately managed accounts may permit the investor to terminate our management of such account on short notice. Lastly, investors in our other investment funds have the right to cause these investment funds to be dissolved. Any of these events would lead to a decrease in our revenues, which could be substantial.

Investors in certain of our open-ended funds, which currently only includes our CEF fund, may generally redeem their investments on an annual basis following the expiration of a specified period of time when capital may not be withdrawn, subject to the applicable fund’s specific redemption provisions. In a declining market, many open-ended funds, including some of our funds, may experience declines in value, and the pace of redemptions and consequent reduction in our assets under management could accelerate. Such declines in value may be both provoked and exacerbated by margin calls and forced selling of assets. To the extent appropriate and permissible under a fund’s constituent documents, we may limit or suspend redemptions during a redemption period, which may have a reputational impact on us. The decrease in revenues that would result from significant redemptions in our open-ended funds could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues, net income and cash flows.

We currently manage a portion of investor assets through separately managed accounts whereby we may earn management and/or incentive fees, and we intend to continue to seek additional separately managed account mandates. The investment management agreements we enter into in connection with managing separately managed accounts on behalf of certain clients may be terminated by such clients.

The governing agreements of many of our investment funds provide that, subject to certain conditions, third party investors in those funds have the right to remove the general partner of the fund or to accelerate the termination date of the investment fund without cause by a specified percentage vote, resulting in a reduction in management fees we would earn from such investment funds and a significant reduction in the amounts of performance allocations and incentive fees from those funds. Performance allocations and incentive fees could be significantly reduced as a result of our inability to maximize the value of investments by an investment fund during the liquidation process or in the event of the triggering of a “clawback” obligation. In addition, the governing agreements of most of our investment funds, such as limited partnership agreements and private placement memoranda, provide that in the event certain “key persons” in our investment funds do not meet specified time commitments with regard to managing the fund, then investors in certain funds have the right to vote to terminate the investment period by a specified percentage vote in accordance with specified procedures, accelerate the withdrawal of their capital on an investor-by-investor basis, or the fund’s investment period will automatically terminate and a specified percentage vote of investors is required to restart it. In addition to having a significant negative impact on our revenue, net income and cash flow, the occurrence of such an event with respect to any of our investment funds would likely result in significant reputational damage to us.

 

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Third party investors in our investment funds with commitment-based structures may not satisfy their contractual obligation to fund capital calls when requested by us, which could adversely affect a fund’s operations and performance.

Investors in all of our funds make capital commitments to those funds that we are entitled to call from those investors at any time during prescribed periods. We depend on investors fulfilling their commitments when we call capital from them in order for those funds to consummate investments and otherwise pay their obligations (for example, management fees) when due. A default by an investor may also limit a fund’s availability to incur borrowings and avail itself of what would otherwise have been available credit. We have not had investors fail to honor capital calls to any meaningful extent. Any investor that did not fund a capital call would generally be subject to several possible penalties, including having a significant amount of its existing investment forfeited in that fund. However, the impact of the forfeiture penalty is directly correlated to the amount of capital previously invested by the investor in the fund and if an investor has invested little or no capital, for instance early in the life of the fund, then the forfeiture penalty may not be as meaningful. Third party investors in private equity, infrastructure, credit and real estate funds typically use distributions from prior investments to meet future capital calls. In cases where valuations of investors’ existing investments fall and the pace of distributions slows, investors may be unable to make new commitments to third party managed investment funds such as those advised by us. If investors were to fail to satisfy a significant amount of capital calls for any particular fund or funds, the operation and performance of those funds could be materially and adversely affected.

Risk management activities may adversely affect the return on our funds’ investments.

When managing our exposure to market risks, we may (on our own behalf or on behalf of our funds) from time to time determine to use forward contracts, options, swaps, caps, collars and floors or pursue other strategies or use other forms of derivative instruments to limit our exposure to changes in the relative values of investments that may result from market developments, including changes in prevailing interest rates, currency exchange rates and commodity prices. We are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and we may enter into derivatives transactions to manage our exposure to exchange rate risk from time to time. The success of any hedging or other derivative transactions generally will depend on our ability to correctly predict market changes, the degree of correlation between price movements of a derivative instrument, the position being hedged, the creditworthiness of the counterparty and other factors. As a result, while we may enter into a transaction in order to reduce our exposure to market risks, the transaction may result in poorer overall investment performance than if it had not been executed. Such transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the value of a hedged position increases.

While such hedging arrangements may reduce certain risks, such arrangements themselves may entail certain other risks. These arrangements may require the posting of cash collateral at a time when a fund has insufficient cash or illiquid assets such that the posting of the cash is either impossible or requires the sale of assets at prices that do not reflect their underlying value. Moreover, these hedging arrangements may generate significant transaction costs, including potential tax costs, that reduce the returns generated by a fund. Finally, regulatory agencies may in the future require certain foreign exchange products to be subject to mandatory clearing, which could increase the cost of entering into currency hedges.

Our infrastructure, private equity and real estate funds are subject to the risks inherent in the ownership and operation of infrastructure, private equity and real estate and the construction and development of infrastructure, private equity and real estate.

Investments in our infrastructure, private equity and real estate funds will be subject to the risks inherent in the ownership and operation of infrastructure, private equity and real estate and real estate-related businesses and assets, including the deterioration of infrastructure, private equity and real estate fundamentals. These risks include but are not limited to, those associated with the burdens of ownership of real property, general and local economic conditions, changes in supply of and demand for competing properties in an area (as a result, for

 

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instance, of overbuilding), fluctuations in the average occupancy and room rates for hotel properties, operating income, the financial resources of tenants, changes in building, environmental, zoning and other laws, casualty or condemnation losses, energy and supply shortages, various uninsured or uninsurable risks, natural disasters, changes in government regulations (such as rent control or operational licenses), changes in real property tax rates, changes in income tax rates, changes in interest rates, the reduced availability of mortgage funds which may render the sale or refinancing of properties difficult or impracticable, increased mortgage defaults, increases in borrowing rates, changes to the taxation of business entities and the deductibility of corporate interest expense or other applicable tax exemptions or benefits, negative developments in the economy that depress travel activity, environmental liabilities, contingent liabilities on disposition of assets, acts of god, terrorist attacks, war, climate change and other factors that are beyond our control. Risks from climate change include both (i) physical risks, such as rise in temperature, sea-level rise, changes in precipitation patterns, fluctuations in water levels or more frequent occurrence of extreme temperatures, droughts or other extreme meteorological phenomena, such as cyclones or hurricanes and (ii) transitional risks, such as changes in laws, regulations, policies, obligations, social attitudes and customer preferences relating to the transition to a lower-carbon economy, which could adversely impact our business and prospects. In addition, if our infrastructure, private equity and real estate funds acquire direct or indirect interests in undeveloped land or underdeveloped real property, which may often be non-income producing, they will be subject to the risks normally associated with such assets and development activities, including risks relating to the availability and timely receipt of zoning and other regulatory or environmental approvals and licenses, the cost and timely completion of construction (including risks beyond the control of our fund, such as weather or labor conditions or material shortages) and the availability of both construction and permanent financing on favorable terms. In addition, our real estate funds may also make investments in real estate projects and/or otherwise participate in financing opportunities relating to residential real estate assets or portfolios thereof from time to time, which may be more highly susceptible to adverse changes in prevailing economic and/or market conditions and present additional risks relative to the ownership and operation of commercial infrastructure, private equity or real estate assets.

Certain of our investment funds may invest in securities of companies that are experiencing significant financial or business difficulties, including companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganization and liquidation proceedings. Such investments are subject to a greater risk of poor performance or loss.

Certain of our investment funds may invest in business enterprises involved in work-outs, liquidations, spin-offs, reorganizations, bankruptcies and similar transactions and may purchase high-risk receivables. An investment in such business enterprises entails the risk that the transaction in which such business enterprise is involved either will be unsuccessful, will take considerable time or will result in a distribution of cash or a new security the value of which will be less than the purchase price to the fund of the security or other financial instrument in respect of which such distribution is received. In addition, if an anticipated transaction does not in fact occur, the fund may be required to sell its investment at a loss. Investments in troubled companies may also be adversely affected by Brazilian laws relating to, among other things, fraudulent conveyances, voidable preferences, lender liability and a bankruptcy court’s discretionary power to disallow, subordinate or disenfranchise particular claims. Investments in securities and private claims of troubled companies made in connection with an attempt to influence a restructuring proposal or plan of reorganization in a bankruptcy case may also involve substantial litigation. Because there is substantial uncertainty concerning the outcome of transactions involving financially troubled companies, there is a potential risk of loss by a fund of its entire investment in such company. Moreover, a major economic recession could have a materially adverse impact on the value of such securities. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may also decrease the value and liquidity of securities rated below investment grade or otherwise adversely affect our reputation.

Investments in infrastructure, private equity, real estate and certain other assets may expose us to increased environmental liabilities that are inherent in the ownership of real assets.

Ownership of real assets in our funds or vehicles may increase our risk of civil liability under environmental laws that impose, regardless of fault, joint and several liability for the cost of remediating contamination and

 

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compensation for damages. In addition, changes in environmental laws or regulations or the environmental condition of an investment may create liabilities that did not exist at the time of acquisition. Even in cases where we are indemnified by a seller against liabilities arising out of violations of environmental laws and regulations, there can be no assurance as to the financial viability of the seller to satisfy such indemnities or our ability to achieve enforcement of such indemnities.

This civil strict liability regime—that seeks recovery of environmental damage—is distinguished from administrative and criminal liabilities, which requires identification of willful misconduct or fault and can result in sanctions by issuance of notices of violation by environmental agencies or conviction for environmental crime, briefly explained as follow. This means certain of our portfolio companies are subject to various federal, state and municipal laws and regulations relating to the protection of environment, including pollution, disposal of materials and chemical substances, protected areas, contamination of soil and groundwater, among other impacts to the environment. These laws and regulations are enforced by various governmental authorities.

Non-compliance with those laws and regulations may subject the violator to administrative and criminal sanctions, in addition to the obligation to repair or to pay damages caused to the environment and third parties. In this regard, we may be liable for violations by third parties hired to dispose of the waste of certain of our portfolio companies. Moreover, pursuant to Brazilian environmental laws and regulations, the piercing of the corporate veil of a company may occur in order to ensure enough financial resources for the recovery of damages caused against the environment under the civil liability regime.

Our investments in infrastructure assets may expose us to increased risks that are inherent in the ownership of real assets.

Investments in infrastructure assets may expose us to increased risks that are inherent in the ownership of real estate assets, such as:

 

   

Ownership of infrastructure assets may present risk of liability for personal and property injury or impose significant operating challenges and costs with respect to, for example, compliance with zoning, environmental or other applicable laws;

 

   

Infrastructure asset investments may face development and construction risks including, without limitation: (a) labor disputes, shortages of material and skilled labor, or work stoppages, (b) slower than projected construction progress and the unavailability or late delivery of necessary equipment, (c) less than optimal coordination with public utilities in the relocation of their facilities, (d) adverse weather conditions and unexpected construction conditions, (e) accidents or the breakdown or failure of construction equipment or processes; (f) catastrophic events such as explosions, fires, terrorist activities and other similar events; and (g) delays in the issuance of the licenses and approvals needed for the development of the infrastructure. These risks could result in substantial unanticipated delays or expenses (which may exceed expected or forecasted budgets) and, under certain circumstances, could prevent completion of construction activities once undertaken. Certain infrastructure asset investments may remain in development or construction phases for a prolonged period and, accordingly, may not be cash generative for a prolonged period. Recourse against the contractor may be subject to liability caps or may be subject to default or insolvency on the part of the contractor. Investments under development or investments acquired to be developed may receive little or no cash flow from the date of acquisition through the date of completion of development and may experience operating deficits after the date of completion. Market conditions may change during the course of construction that make such development less attractive than at the time it was commenced. In addition, there are risks inherent in the construction work that may give rise to claims or demands against a fund’s portfolio company. When completing an acquisition or making an investment in a project to be developed, value may be ascribed to infrastructure projects that do not achieve successful implementation, potentially resulting in a lower than expected internal rate of return over the life of the investment or in a total loss of the capital invested in such infrastructure project;

 

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The operation of infrastructure assets is exposed to potential unplanned interruptions caused by significant catastrophic or force majeure events. These risks could, among other effects, adversely impact the cash flows available from investments in infrastructure assets, cause personal injury or loss of life, damage property, or instigate disruptions of service. In addition, the cost of repairing or replacing damaged assets could be considerable. Repeated or prolonged service interruptions may result in permanent loss of customers, litigation, or penalties for regulatory or contractual non-compliance. Force majeure events that are incapable of, or too costly to, cure may also have a permanent adverse effect on an investment;

 

   

The management of the business or operations of an infrastructure asset may be contracted to a third party management company unaffiliated with us. Although it would be possible to replace any such operator, the failure of such operator to adequately perform its duties or to act in ways that are in our best interest, or the breach by an operator of applicable agreements or laws, rules and regulations, could have an adverse effect on the investment’s financial condition or results of operations. Infrastructure investments may involve the subcontracting of design and construction activities in respect of projects, and as a result our investments are subject to the risks that contractual provisions passing liabilities to a subcontractor could be ineffective, the subcontractor fails to perform services which it has agreed to perform and the subcontractor becomes insolvent; and

 

   

Infrastructure projects may have a substantial environmental impact. Land acquisition is often a significant issue when building a new project. Community and environmental groups may raise protests, which may be successful in attracting publicity and persuading governments to take action. Infrastructure projects may attract strong opposition from environmental groups for allegedly generating greater levels of air or water pollution, poor visual impact, effects on local population, flora and fauna etc. Further, there can be no guarantee that all costs and risks regarding compliance with environmental laws and regulations can be identified. Standards are set by these laws and regulations regarding certain aspects of health and environmental quality, and they provide for penalties and other liabilities for the violation of such standards, and establish, in certain circumstances, joint and several obligations to remediate and rehabilitate current and former facilities and locations where operations are, or were, conducted or where materials were disposed of. New and more stringent environmental and health and safety laws, regulations and permit requirements or stricter interpretations of current laws or regulations could (i) impose substantial additional costs on potential infrastructure investments, (ii) create liabilities which did not exist at the time of an acquisition and that could not have been foreseen and (iii) otherwise place a fund investment at a competitive disadvantage compared to alternative forms of infrastructure. Required expenditures for environmental compliance have adversely impacted investment returns in a number of segments of the infrastructure industry. Certain industries will continue to face considerable oversight from environmental regulatory authorities and significant influence from non-governmental organizations and special interest groups. Compliance with such current or future environmental requirements does not ensure that the operations of certain invested companies will not cause injury to the environment or to people under all circumstances. Moreover, failure to comply with any such requirements could have a material adverse effect on a fund investment, and there can be no assurance that certain fund investments will at all times comply with all applicable environmental laws, regulations and permit requirements. Past practices or future operations of certain fund investments could also result in material personal injury or property damage claims. Any noncompliance with these laws and regulations could subject the infrastructure funds and their properties to material penalties or other liabilities. In addition, infrastructure funds may be exposed to substantial risk of loss from environmental claims arising from certain of their investments involving undisclosed or unknown environmental, health or other related matters.

Infrastructure investments often involve an ongoing commitment to a municipal, state, federal or foreign government or regulatory agencies. The nature of these obligations expose us to a higher level of regulatory control than typically imposed on other businesses and may require us to rely on complex government licenses, concessions, leases or contracts, which may be difficult to obtain or maintain. Delay in obtaining or failure to

 

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obtain and maintain in full force and effect any regulatory approvals, or amendments thereto, or delay or failure to satisfy any regulatory conditions or other applicable requirements could prevent operation of a facility or sales to third parties or could result in additional costs to our infrastructure portfolio companies. Infrastructure investments may require operators to manage such investments and such operators’ failure to comply with laws, including prohibitions against bribing of government officials, may adversely affect the value of such investments and cause us serious reputational and legal harm. Revenues for such investments may rely on contractual agreements for the provision of services with a limited number of counterparties, and are consequently subject to counterparty default risk. The operations and cash flow of infrastructure investments are also more sensitive to inflation and, in certain cases, commodity price risk. Furthermore, services provided by infrastructure investments may be subject to rate regulations by government entities that determine or limit prices that may be charged. Similarly, users of applicable services or government entities in response to such users may react negatively to any adjustments in rates and thus reduce the profitability of such infrastructure investments.

Investments by our funds in the power and energy industries may involve various operational, construction, regulatory and market risks.

The development, operation and maintenance of power and energy generation facilities involves many risks, including, as applicable, labor issues, start-up risks, breakdown or failure of facilities, lack of sufficient capital to maintain the facilities and the dependence on a specific fuel source. Power and energy generation facilities in which our funds invest are also subject to risks associated with volatility in the price of fuel sources and the impact of unusual or adverse weather conditions or other natural events, as well as the risk of performance below expected levels of output, efficiency or reliability. The occurrence of any such items could result in lost revenues and/or increased expenses. In turn, such developments could impair a portfolio company’s ability to repay its debt or conduct its operations. We may also choose or be required to decommission a power generation facility or other asset. The decommissioning process could be protracted and result in the incurrence of significant financial and/or regulatory obligations or other uncertainties.

Our power and energy sector portfolio companies may also face construction risks typical for power generation and related infrastructure businesses. Such developments could result in substantial unanticipated delays or expenses and, under certain circumstances, could prevent completion of construction activities once undertaken. Delays in the completion of any power project may result in lost revenues or increased expenses, including higher operation and maintenance costs related to such portfolio company.

The power and energy sectors are the subject of substantial and complex laws, rules and regulation by various federal and state regulatory agencies. Failure to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations could result in the prevention of operation of certain facilities or the prevention of the sale of such a facility to a third party, as well as the loss of certain rate authority, refund liability, penalties and other remedies, all of which could result in additional costs to a portfolio company and adversely affect the investment results. Any governmental policy changes encouraging or discouraging resource extraction could have the effect of changing energy prices, which could have a negative impact on certain of our investments. In addition, in recent years, there has been an increased focus by investors and other market participants on energy sustainability and increased activism, including through divestment of existing investments, with respect to sustainability-focused investing by asset managers, which could have a negative impact on our ability to exit certain of our energy investments or adversely affect the expected returns of new investment opportunities.

Our businesses that invest in the energy industry also may focus on investments in businesses involved in oil and gas exploration and development, which can be a speculative business involving a high degree of risk, including: (1) the use of new technologies; (2) reliance on estimates of oil and gas reserves in the evaluation of available geological, geophysical, engineering and economic data for each reservoir; and (3) encountering unexpected formations or pressures, premature declines of reservoirs, blow-outs, equipment failures and other accidents in completing wells and otherwise, cratering, sour gas releases, uncontrollable flows of oil, natural gas or well fluids, adverse weather conditions, pollution, fires, spills and other environmental risks.

 

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In addition, the performance of the investments made by our credit and equity funds in the energy and natural resources markets are also subject to a high degree of market risk, as such investments are likely to be directly or indirectly substantially dependent upon prevailing prices of oil, natural gas and other commodities. Oil and natural gas prices are subject to wide fluctuation in response to factors beyond the control of us or our funds’ portfolio companies, including relatively minor changes in the supply and demand for oil and natural gas, market uncertainty, the level of consumer product demand, weather conditions, climate initiatives, governmental regulation, the price and availability of alternative fuels, political and economic conditions in oil producing countries, supply of such commodities and overall domestic and foreign economic conditions. These factors make it difficult to predict future commodity price movements with any certainty.

Certain of our portfolio companies in the power and energy industries may enter into power purchase agreements (“PPAs”). Payments by power purchasers to our portfolio companies pursuant to their respective PPAs may provide the majority of such companies’ cash flows. There can be no assurance that any or all of the power purchasers will fulfil their obligations under their PPAs or that a power purchaser will not become bankrupt or that upon any such bankruptcy its obligations under its respective PPA will not be rejected by a bankruptcy trustee. The failure of a power purchaser to fulfil its obligations under any PPA or the termination of any PPA may have a material adverse effect on the investment of any of our funds in a project that has such PPAs as the major provider of cash flows for that investment.

Finally, certain investments by our funds in the power and energy industries may be particularly sensitive to weather and climate conditions. For example, solar power generators rely on the frequency and intensity of sunlight, wind turbines rely on the frequency and intensity of the wind, and companies focused on biomass rely on the production of crops, which can be adversely affected by droughts and other weather conditions.

The financial projections of our funds’ portfolio companies as well as our own projections could prove inaccurate.

The capital structure of a fund’s portfolio company is generally set up at the time of the fund’s investment in the portfolio company based on, among other factors, financial projects prepared by the portfolio company’s management. These projected operating results will normally be based primarily on judgments of the management of the portfolio companies, which are also used as a basis for our own financial projections. In all cases, projections are only estimates of future results that are based upon assumptions made at the time that the projections are developed. General economic conditions, which are not predictable, along with other factors may cause actual performance to fall short of such the financial projections. Because of the leverage we typically employ in our investments, this could cause a substantial decrease in the value of our equity holdings in the portfolio company. The inaccuracy of financial projections could thus cause our funds’ performance as well as our own overall performance to fall short of our expectations.

Contingent liabilities could harm fund performance.

We may cause our funds to acquire an investment that is subject to contingent liabilities. Such contingent liabilities could be unknown to us at the time of acquisition or, if they are known to us, we may not accurately assess or protect against the risks that they present. Acquired contingent liabilities could thus result in unforeseen losses for our funds. In addition, in connection with the disposition of an investment in a portfolio company, a fund may be required to make representations about the business and financial affairs of such portfolio company typical of those made in connection with the sale of a business. A fund may also be required to indemnify the purchasers of such investment to the extent that any such representations are inaccurate. These arrangements may result in the incurrence of contingent liabilities by a fund, even after the disposition of an investment. Accordingly, the inaccuracy of representations and warranties made by a fund could harm such fund’s performance.

 

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Our funds may be forced to dispose of investments at a disadvantageous time.

Our funds may make investments of which they do not advantageously dispose of prior to the date the applicable fund is dissolved, either by expiration of such fund’s term or otherwise. Although we generally expect that our funds will dispose of investments prior to dissolution or that investments will be suitable for in-kind distribution at dissolution, we may not be able to do so. The general partners of our funds have only a limited ability to extend the term of the fund with the consent of fund investors or the advisory board of the fund, as applicable, and therefore, we may be required to sell, distribute or otherwise dispose of investments at a disadvantageous time prior to dissolution. This would result in a lower than expected return on the investments and, perhaps, on the fund itself.

We are subject to risks in using prime brokers, custodians, counterparties, administrators and other agents.

Many of our funds depend on the services of prime brokers, custodians, counterparties, administrators, financial institutions and other agents to carry out certain financial, securities and derivatives transactions. The terms of these contracts are often customized and complex, and many of these arrangements occur in markets or relate to products that are not subject to regulatory oversight.

Our funds are subject to the risk that the counterparty to one or more of these contracts defaults, either voluntarily or involuntarily, on its performance under the contract. Any such default may occur suddenly and without notice to us. Moreover, if a counterparty defaults, we may be unable to take action to cover our exposure, either because we lack contractual recourse or because market conditions make it difficult to take effective action. This inability could occur in times of market stress, which is when defaults are most likely to occur.

In addition, our risk management process may not accurately anticipate the impact of market stress or counterparty financial condition, and as a result, we may not have taken sufficient action to reduce our risks effectively. Default risk may arise from events or circumstances that are difficult to detect, foresee or evaluate. In addition, concerns about, or a default by, one large participant could lead to significant liquidity problems for other participants, which may in turn expose us to significant losses.

Although we have risk management processes to ensure that we are not exposed to a single counterparty for significant periods of time, given the large number and size of our funds, we often have large positions with a single counterparty. For example, certain of our funds have credit lines. If the lender under one or more of those credit lines were to become insolvent, we may have difficulty replacing the credit line and one or more of our funds may face liquidity problems.

In the event of a counterparty default, particularly a default by a major investment bank or a default by a counterparty to a significant number of our contracts, one or more of our funds may have outstanding trades that they cannot settle or are delayed in settling. As a result, these funds could incur material losses and the resulting market impact of a major counterparty default could harm our businesses, results of operation and financial condition.

In the event of the insolvency of a prime broker, custodian, counterparty or any other party that is holding assets of our funds as collateral, our funds might not be able to recover equivalent assets in full as they will rank among the prime broker’s, custodian’s or counterparty’s unsecured creditors in relation to the assets held as collateral. In addition, our funds’ cash held with a prime broker, custodian or counterparty generally will not be segregated from the prime broker’s, custodian’s or counterparty’s own cash, and our funds may therefore rank as unsecured creditors in relation thereto.

The counterparty risks that we face have increased in complexity and magnitude as a result of disruption in the financial markets in recent years. For example, in certain areas the number of counterparties we face has increased and may continue to increase, which may result in increased complexity and monitoring costs.

 

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Conversely, in certain other areas, the consolidation and elimination of counterparties has increased our concentration of counterparty risk and decreased the universe of potential counterparties, and our funds are generally not restricted from dealing with any particular counterparty or from concentrating any or all of their transactions with one counterparty. In addition, counterparties have in the past and may in the future react to market volatility by tightening underwriting standards and increasing margin requirements for all categories of financing, which may decrease the overall amount of leverage available and increase the costs of borrowing. See “—Extensive regulation of our businesses affects our activities and creates the potential for significant liabilities and penalties. The possibility of increased regulatory focus could result in additional burdens on our business.”

If we were deemed to be an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act, applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We intend to conduct our operations so that the Company will not be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act. Rule 3a-1 under the Investment Company Act generally provides that an entity will not be deemed to be an “investment company” for purposes of the Investment Company Act if: (a) it does not hold itself out as being engaged primarily, and does not propose to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading securities and (b) consolidating the entity’s wholly-owned subsidiaries (within the meaning of the Investment Company Act), no more than 45% of the value of its assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) consists of, and no more than 45% of its net income after taxes (for the past four fiscal quarters combined) is derived from, securities other than U.S. government securities, securities issued by employees’ securities companies, securities issued by qualifying majority owned subsidiaries of such entity and securities issued by qualifying companies that are controlled primarily by such entity.

We believe that we are engaged primarily in the business of providing asset management services and not in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. We also believe that the primary source of income from each of our businesses is properly characterized as income earned in exchange for the provision of services. We hold ourselves out as an asset management firm and do not propose to engage primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Accordingly, we do not believe that the Company is an “orthodox” investment company as defined in the Investment Company Act and described in clause (a) in the first sentence of the preceding paragraph. Furthermore, the Company’s assets, consolidated with its wholly-owned subsidiaries (within the meaning of the Investment Company Act), consist primarily of (i) property, plant and equipment, (ii) fee receivables for services rendered, (iii) intangible assets that are not securities (iv) goodwill, and (v) other assets that we believe would not be considered securities for purposes of the Investment Company Act. Therefore, we believe that, consolidating the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries (within the meaning of the Investment Company Act), no more than 45% of the value of its assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) consists of, and no more than 45% of its net income after taxes (for the past four fiscal quarters combined) is derived from, securities other than U.S. government securities, securities issued by employees’ securities companies, securities issued by qualifying majority owned subsidiaries of the Company and securities issued by qualifying companies that are controlled primarily by the Company. Accordingly, we do not believe the Company is an inadvertent investment company by virtue of the 45% test in Rule 3a-1 under the Investment Company Act as described in clause (b) in the first sentence of the preceding paragraph. In addition, we believe the Company is not an investment company under section 3(b)(1) of the Investment Company Act because it is primarily engaged in a non-investment company business.

However, our subsidiaries have a significant number of investment securities, and we expect to make investments in other investment securities from time to time. We monitor these holdings regularly to confirm our continued compliance with the assets and income test described above. The need to comply with this test may cause us to restrict our business and subsidiaries with respect to the assets in which we can invest and/or the types of securities we may issue, sell investment securities, including on unfavorable terms, acquire assets or businesses that could change the nature of our business or potentially take other actions that may be viewed as adverse to the holders of our Class A common stock, in order to conduct our business in a manner that does not subject us to the registration and other requirements of the Investment Company Act.

 

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If anything were to happen which would cause the Company to be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act, we might lose our ability to raise money in the U.S. capital markets and from U.S. lenders, and additional restrictions under the Investment Company Act could apply to us, all of which could make it impractical for us to continue our business as currently conducted. This would materially and adversely affect the value of your Class A common shares and our ability to pay dividends in respect of our common shares.

If we are required to register under the Investment Advisers Act, our ability to conduct business could be materially adversely affected.

The U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, or the Investment Advisers Act, contains substantive legal requirements that regulate the manner in which “investment advisers” required to register under the Investment Advisers Act are permitted to conduct their business activities. We believe that we, together with our subsidiaries, to the extent any such entities act as investment advisers within the meaning of the Investment Advisers Act, qualify for exemptions from registration thereunder, including exemptions for non-U.S. investment advisers whose only U.S. clients are private funds that are generally managed outside the United States and for non-U.S. investment advisers with only a small number of U.S. clients with limited assets under management.

Although exempt from registration under the Investment Advisers Act, we or certain of our subsidiaries may still be required to file reports with the SEC as “ exempt reporting advisers” pursuant to the terms of the registration exemption on which they rely. Provisions of the Investment Advisers Act that apply only to registered investment advisers do not apply to exempt reporting advisers. However, exempt reporting advisers are subject to some of the requirements and regulations of the Investment Advisers Act, including, among other things, fiduciary duties to advisory clients, recordkeeping and regulatory reporting requirements, disclosure obligations, limitations on agency cross and principal transactions between an adviser and its advisory clients, anti-corruption rules relating to investors associated with U.S. state or local governments, and general anti-fraud prohibitions. In addition, the SEC is authorized under the Investment Advisers Act to require exempt reporting advisers, including those affiliated with us or our subsidiaries, to maintain records and provide reports, and to examine these advisers’ records.

While we believe our current practices do not require us or any of our subsidiaries to register as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act, if a regulator were to disagree with our analysis with respect to any portion of our business, we or a subsidiary may be required to register as an investment adviser and to comply with the Investment Advisers Act. Registering as an investment adviser could adversely affect our method of operation and revenues. For example, registered investment advisers under the Investment Advisers Act are subject to burdensome compliance requirements with respect to, among other things, reporting and recordkeeping, custody of client assets, advertising and performance information, conflicts of interests, restrictions on affiliate transactions, advisory contracts, and aggregation and allocation of client trades. It could be difficult for us to comply with these obligations without meaningful changes to our business operations, and there is no guarantee that we could do so successfully. If we were ever deemed to be subject to, and in non-compliance with, Investment Advisers Act requirements, we could also be subject to various penalties, including administrative or judicial proceedings that might result in censure, fines, civil penalties, cease-and-desist orders or other adverse consequences, as well as private rights of action, any of which could materially adversely affect our business.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and, if we fail to remediate such deficiencies (and any other ones) and to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations and/or prevent fraud.

Prior to this offering, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources to address our internal control over financial reporting and procedures. Our management has not completed an

 

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assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we identified a number of material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of control deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weaknesses identified relate to insufficient accounting resources specialized in IFRS and processes necessary to comply with the reporting and compliance requirements of IFRS and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. We identified control deficiencies related to the financial reporting closing process, including (i) definition of the functional currency, (ii) presentation of the statement of cash flows, (iii) evaluation, accounting and disclosure of complex accounting matters, and (iv) lack of a control matrix on main account balances and journal entries as will be required in subsequent periods as described below. Such deficiencies, when considered in the aggregate, would be considered a material weakness.

We have adopted a remediation plan with respect to the material weaknesses identified above which include hiring accounting personnel specialized in IFRS in our corporate accounting team, the implementation of new processes and procedures in our financial reporting closing process in order to provide additional levels of review by IFRS experienced personnel, implementation of new software solutions, training for staff, and enhanced corporate accounting policies and establishing a control matrix.

Under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our management will not be required to assess or report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020. We are only required to provide such a report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021. In addition, until we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, which may not be until after five full fiscal years following the date of this offering, our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may disagree with our assessment or may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. If we fail to maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements, fail to meet our reporting obligations or fail to prevent fraud, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could, in turn, limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our shares. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from Nasdaq, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

In addition, these new obligations will also require substantial attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business. These cost increases and the diversion of management’s attention could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operation results.

 

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Certain Factors Relating to Latin America

Governments have a high degree of influence in Brazil and the other economies in which we operate. The effects of this influence and political and economic conditions in Brazil and Latin America could harm us and the trading price of our Class A common shares.

Governments in many of the markets in which we currently, or may in the future, operate, frequently exercise significant influence over their respective economies and occasionally makes significant changes in policy and regulations. Government actions to control inflation and other policies and regulations have often involved, among other measures, increases or decreases in interest rates, changes in fiscal policies, wage and price controls, foreign exchange rate controls, blocking access to bank accounts, currency devaluations, capital controls and import and export restrictions. We have no control over and cannot predict what measures or policies governments may take in the future. We and the market price of our securities may be harmed by changes in government policies, as well as general economic factors, including, without limitation:

 

   

growth or downturn of the relevant economy;

 

   

interest rates and monetary policies;

 

   

exchange rates and currency fluctuations;

 

   

inflation;

 

   

liquidity of the capital and lending markets;

 

   

import and export controls;

 

   

exchange controls and restrictions on remittances abroad and payments of dividends;

 

   

modifications to laws and regulations according to political, social and economic interests;

 

   

fiscal policy and changes in tax laws and related interpretations by tax authorities;

 

   

economic, political and social instability, including general strikes and mass demonstrations;

 

   

the regulatory framework governing the financial services industry;

 

   

labor and social security regulations;

 

   

energy and water shortages and rationing;

 

   

commodity prices;

 

   

public health, including as a result of epidemics and pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;

 

   

changes in demographics; and

 

   

other political, diplomatic, social and economic developments in or affecting Latin America.

Uncertainty over whether Brazil and other Latin American governments will implement reforms or changes in policy or regulation affecting these or other factors in the future may affect economic performance and contribute to economic uncertainty in Latin America, such as increased tax uncertainty regarding the tax authorities’ interpretations of applicable tax laws and exemptions, which may have an adverse effect on our activities and consequently our operating results, and may also adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common shares.

In addition, recent economic and political instability in Brazil in general has led to a negative perception of the Brazilian economy and higher volatility in the Brazilian securities markets, which also may adversely affect us and our Class A common shares. See “—The ongoing economic uncertainty and political instability in Brazil, including as a result of ongoing corruption investigations, may harm us and the price of our Class A common shares” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Significant Factors Affecting our Results of Operations—Latin American Macroeconomic Environment.”

 

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Developments and the perceptions of risks in other countries, including other emerging markets, the United States and Europe, may harm the economy of Brazil and the other countries in which we operate and the trading price of our Class A common shares.

The market for securities offered by companies with significant operations in Brazil and Latin America is influenced by political, economic and market conditions in the region and, to varying degrees, market conditions in other emerging markets, as well as the United States, Europe and other countries. To the extent the conditions of the global markets or economy deteriorate, the business of companies with significant operations in Brazil and Latin America may be harmed. The weakness in the global economy has been marked by, among other adverse factors, lower levels of consumer and corporate confidence, decreased business investment and consumer spending, increased unemployment, reduced income and asset values in many areas, reduction of China’s growth rate, currency volatility and limited availability of credit and access to capital, in addition to significant uncertainty results from the current COVID-19 pandemic. Developments or economic conditions in other emerging market countries have at times significantly affected the availability of credit to companies with significant operations in Latin America and resulted in considerable outflows of funds from Latin American countries, decreasing the amount of foreign investments in the region.

Crises and political instability in other emerging market countries, the United States, Europe or other countries, including increased international trade tensions and protectionist policies, could decrease investor demand for securities offered by companies with significant operations in Brazil and Latin America, such as our Class A common shares. For example, in 2019, political and social unrest in Latin American countries, including Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia and Colombia sparked political demonstrations and, in some instances, violence. In October 2019, presidential elections were held in Bolivia, Uruguay and Argentina. Controversial outcomes in Bolivia and Uruguay led to violent protests and claims of fraudulent elections in Bolivia and a runoff election in Uruguay. Similarly, Chile experienced political unrest and social strife, including a wave of protests and riots, beginning on October 18, 2019, sparked by an increase in the subway fare of the Santiago Metro and widened to reflect anger over living costs and inequality. In June 2016, the United Kingdom held a referendum in which the majority voted for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union (so called “Brexit”), and the British government will continue to negotiate the terms of its withdrawal. The exit officially occurred on January 31, 2020. Brexit has created significant economic uncertainty in the UK and in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, the terms of Brexit, once negotiated, could potentially disrupt the markets we serve and the tax jurisdictions in which we operate and adversely change tax benefits or liabilities in these or other jurisdictions, and may cause us to lose investors, investment opportunities and employees. In addition, Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the UK determines which EU laws to replace or replicate. These developments, as well as potential crises and other forms of political instability or any other as of yet unforeseen development, may harm our business and the trading price of our Class A common shares.

The ongoing economic uncertainty and political instability in Brazil, including as a result of ongoing corruption investigations, may harm us and the price of our Class A common shares.

Brazil’s political environment has historically influenced, and continues to influence, the performance of the country’s economy. Political crises have affected and continue to affect the confidence of investors and the general public, which have historically resulted in economic deceleration and heightened volatility in the securities offered by companies with significant operations in Brazil.

The recent economic instability in Brazil have contributed to a decline in market confidence in the Brazilian economy. Various ongoing investigations into allegations of money laundering and corruption being conducted by the Office of the Brazilian Federal Prosecutor, including the largest of such investigations, known as “Operação Lava Jato,” have negatively impacted the Brazilian economy and political environment. The potential outcome of these investigations is uncertain, but they have already had an adverse impact on the image and reputation of the implicated companies, and on the general market perception of the Brazilian economy. We

 

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cannot predict whether the ongoing investigations will result in further political and economic instability, or if new allegations against government officials and/or executives of private companies will arise in the future. A number of senior politicians, including current and former members of Congress and the Executive Branch, and high-ranking executive officers of major corporations and state-owned companies in Brazil were arrested, convicted of various charges relating to corruption, entered into plea agreements with federal prosecutors and/or have resigned or been removed from their positions as a result of these Lava Jato investigations. These individuals are alleged to have accepted bribes by means of kickbacks on contracts granted by the government to several infrastructure, oil and gas and construction companies. The profits of these kickbacks allegedly financed the political campaigns of political parties, for which funds were unaccounted or not publicly disclosed. These funds were also allegedly directed toward the personal enrichment of certain individuals. The effects of Lava Jato as well as other ongoing corruption-related investigations resulted in an adverse impact on the image and reputation of the companies that have been implicated as well as on the general market perception of the Brazilian economy, political environment and capital markets. We have no control over, and cannot predict, whether such investigations or allegations will lead to further political and economic instability or whether new allegations against government officials will arise in the future.

It is expected that the current Brazilian federal government may propose the general terms of fiscal reform to stimulate the economy and reduce the forecasted budget deficit for 2020 and following years, but it is uncertain whether the Brazilian government will be able to gather the required support in the Brazilian Congress to pass additional specific reforms. We cannot predict which policies the Brazilian federal government may adopt or change or the effect that any such policies might have on our business and on the Brazilian economy. In addition, the Brazilian government is incurring significant levels of debt to finance measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic which is expected to increase the Brazilian budget deficit. Any such new policies or changes to current policies, including measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Any of the above factors may create additional political uncertainty, which could harm the Brazilian economy and, consequently, our business, and could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and the trading price of our Class A common shares.

Inflation and government measures to curb inflation may adversely affect the economies and capital markets in some of the countries in where we operate, and as a result, harm our business and the trading price of our Class A common shares.

In the past, high levels of inflation have adversely affected the economies and financial markets of some of the countries in which we operate, particularly Argentina and Brazil, and the ability of their governments to create conditions that stimulate or maintain economic growth. Moreover, governmental measures to curb inflation and speculation about possible future governmental measures have contributed to the negative economic impact of inflation and have created general economic uncertainty and heightened volatility in the capital markets. As part of these measures, governments have at times maintained a restrictive monetary policy and high interest rates that has limited the availability of credit and economic growth.

According to the National Consumer Price Index (Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo), or IPCA, which is published by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), or the IBGE, Brazilian inflation rates were 1.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 4.3%, 3.7% and 2.9% for the years ended as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Brazil may experience high levels of inflation in the future and inflationary pressures may lead to the Brazilian government’s intervening in the economy and introducing policies that could harm our business and the trading price of our Class A common shares. One of the tools used by the Brazilian government to control inflation levels is its monetary policy, specifically relating to interest rates. An increase in the interest rate restricts the availability of credit and reduces economic growth, and vice versa. During recent years there has been significant volatility in the official Brazilian interest rate, which ranged from 14.25%, on December 31,

 

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2015, to 4.50% on December 31, 2019. This rate is set by the Monetary Policy Committee of the Central Bank (Comitê de Política Monetária), or COPOM. On February 7, 2018, the Monetary Policy Committee reduced the base interest rate (Sistema Especial de Liquidação e Custódia, or SELIC rate) to 6.75% and further reduced the SELIC rate to 6.50% on March 21, 2018. The Monetary Policy Committee reconfirmed the SELIC rate of 6.50% on May 16, 2018 and subsequently on June 20, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the SELIC rate was 6.50%. The Monetary Policy Committee reconfirmed the SELIC rate of 6.50% on February 6, 2019, but reduced the SELIC rate to 6.00% on August 1, 2019, further reduced the rate to 5.50% on October 30, 2019 and further reduced the rate to 4.50% on December 12, 2019. On February 5, 2020, the Monetary Policy Committee reduced the SELIC rate to 4.50%, on March 18, 2020, further reduced the rate to 4.25%, on May 6, 2020, further reduced the rate to 3.75%, on June 17, 2020, further reduced the rate to 3.00% and on August 5, 2020, further reduced the rate to 2.00%. As of January 20, 2021, the SELIC rate was 2.00%. Conversely, more lenient government and Central Bank policies and interest rate decreases have triggered and may continue to trigger increases in inflation and, consequently, growth volatility and the need for sudden and significant interest rate increases, which could negatively affect us and increase our funds and their portfolio companies indebtedness. Any change in interest rates, in particular any volatile swings, can adversely affect our growth, results of operations and financial condition, as well as our funds and their portfolio companies.

In addition, as of July 1, 2018, Argentina is considered highly inflationary under U.S. GAAP. Although inflation rates in certain of the other countries in which we operate have been relatively low in the recent past, we cannot assure you that this trend will continue. The measures taken by the governments of these countries to control inflation have often included maintaining a tight monetary policy with high interest rates, thereby restricting the availability of credit and retarding economic growth. Inflation, measures to combat inflation and public speculation about possible additional actions have also contributed materially to economic uncertainty in many of these countries and to heightened volatility in their securities markets. Periods of higher inflation may also slow the growth rate of local economies that could lead to reduced demand for our products and services as well as those of our portfolio companies’ businesses. Inflation is also likely to increase some costs and expenses of our portfolio companies’ businesses, which they may not be able to fully pass on to customers and could adversely affect our operating margins and operating income.

Exchange rate instability may have adverse effects on the Brazilian economy, our business and the trading price of our Class A common shares.

Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar. The Brazilian currency has been historically volatile and has been devalued frequently over the past three decades. Throughout this period, the Brazilian government has implemented various economic plans and used various exchange rate policies, including sudden devaluations, periodic mini-devaluations (during which the frequency of adjustments has ranged from daily to monthly), exchange controls, dual exchange rate markets and a floating exchange rate system. Although long-term depreciation of the real is generally linked to the rate of inflation in Brazil, depreciation of the real occurring over shorter periods of time has resulted in significant variations in the exchange rate between the real, the U.S. dollar and other currencies. In 2014, the real depreciated by 10% against the U.S. dollar, while in 2015 it further depreciated by 31%. The real/U.S. dollar exchange rate reported by the Central Bank was R$3.259 per US$1.00 on December 31, 2016, an appreciation of 20% against the rate of R$3.905 per US$1.00 reported on December 31, 2015. In 2017, the real depreciated by 1%, with the exchange rate reaching R$3.308 per US$1.00 on December 31, 2017. In 2018, the real depreciated an additional 16%, to R$3.875 per US$1.00 on December 31, 2018. In 2019, the real depreciated an additional 4% to R$4.031 per US$1.00 on December 31, 2019. The real/U.S. dollar exchange rate reported by the Central Bank was R$5.197 per US$1.00 on December 31, 2020, which reflected a 29% depreciation of the real against the U.S. dollar during 2020 due primarily to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Brazilian economy. As of January 20, 2021, the real/U.S. dollar exchange rate reported by the Central Bank was R$5.303 per US$1.00, a depreciation of 2% of the real since December 31, 2020. There can be no assurance that the real will not appreciate or further depreciate against the U.S. dollar or other currencies in the future.

 

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A devaluation of the real relative to the U.S. dollar could create inflationary pressures in Brazil and cause the Brazilian government to, among other measures, increase interest rates. Any depreciation of the real may generally restrict access to the international capital markets. It would also reduce the U.S. dollar value of our results of operations. Restrictive macroeconomic policies could reduce the stability of the Brazilian economy and harm our results of operations and profitability. In addition, domestic and international reactions to restrictive economic policies could have a negative impact on the Brazilian economy. These policies and any reactions to them may harm us by curtailing access to foreign financial markets and prompting further government intervention. A devaluation of the real relative to the U.S. dollar may also, as in the context of the current economic slowdown, decrease consumer spending, increase deflationary pressures and reduce economic growth.

On the other hand, an appreciation of the real relative to the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies may deteriorate the Brazilian foreign exchange current accounts. Depending on the circumstances, either devaluation or appreciation of the real relative to the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies could restrict the growth of the Brazilian economy, and affect our business, results of operations and profitability.

We are subject to significant foreign currency exchange controls and currency devaluation in certain countries in which we operate.

Certain Latin American economies have experienced shortages in foreign currency reserves and their respective governments have adopted restrictions on the ability to transfer funds out of the country and convert local currencies into U.S. dollars. This may increase our costs and limit our ability to convert local currency into U.S. dollars and transfer funds out of certain countries, including for the purchase of dollar-denominated inputs, the payment of dividends or the payment of interest or principal on our outstanding debt. In the event that any of our subsidiaries are unable to transfer funds to us due to currency restrictions, we are responsible for any resulting shortfall.

Since September 2019, the current Argentine government has tightened restrictions on capital flows and imposed exchange controls and transfer restrictions, substantially limiting the ability of companies to retain foreign currency or make payments outside of Argentina. Furthermore, the Central Bank of Argentina implemented regulations requiring its prior approval for certain foreign exchange transactions otherwise authorized to be carried out under the applicable regulations, such as dividend payments or repayment of principal of inter-company loans as well as the import of goods. As a consequence of the re-imposition of exchange controls, the spread between the official exchange rate and other exchange rates resulting implicitly from certain capital market operations usually effected to obtain U.S. dollars has broadened significantly, reaching a value of approximately 75% above the official exchange rate as of April 27, 2020. The implementation of the above-mentioned measures could impact our ability to transfer funds outside of Argentina and may prevent or delay payments that our Argentine portfolio companies are required to make outside Argentina. As a result, if we are prohibited from transferring funds out of Argentina, or if we become subject to similar restrictions in other countries in which we operate, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, the continuing devaluation of the Argentine peso since the end of 2015 has led to higher inflation levels, has significantly reduced competitiveness, real wages and consumption and has had a negative impact on businesses whose success is dependent on domestic market demand and supplies payable in foreign currency. Further currency devaluations in any of the countries in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Certain of our portfolio companies may face restrictions and penalties, and may be subject to proceedings, under the Brazilian Consumer Protection Code in the future.

Brazil has a series of strict consumer protection laws, referred to collectively as the Brazilian Consumer Protection Code (Código de Defesa do Consumidor), or the Consumer Protection Code. These laws apply only to instances where there is a supplier, on the one part, the supply of a product or provision of a service under the contract and an end-user, on the other part. If the person or entity acquires supplies that will be used in its

 

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manufacturing process, it should not be considered “end-user” of the respective inputs. They include protection against misleading and deceptive advertising, protection against coercive or unfair business practices and protection in the formation and interpretation of contracts, usually in the form of civil liabilities and administrative penalties for violations.

These penalties are often levied by the Brazilian Consumer Protection Authorities (Órgãos de Proteção e Defesa do Consumidor), or PROCONs – local consumer bodies, which oversee consumer issues on a district-by-district basis. Companies that operate across Brazil may face penalties from multiple PROCONs, as well as from the National Secretariat for Consumers (Secretaria Nacional do Consumidor). Should the consumer protection agencies identify a violation of the Consumer Protection Code, said authorities could impose the penalties set forth in section 56 of the Consumer Protection Code (the most common is a fine that varies from R$800.00 up to R$9.5 million, depending on the size of the company, the advantage obtained as result of the practice and the seriousness of the infraction). Consumers may also file civil lawsuits seeking compensation for damages. Companies may settle claims made by consumers via PROCONs by paying compensation for violations directly to consumers and through a mechanism that allows them to adjust their conduct, called a conduct adjustment agreement (Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta), or TAC.

Brazilian public prosecutors may also commence investigations of alleged violations of consumer rights and require companies to enter into TACs. Companies that violate TACs face potential enforcement proceedings and other potential penalties such as fines, as set forth in the relevant TAC. Brazilian public prosecutors may also file public civil actions against companies who violate consumer rights or competition rules, seeking strict adherence to the consumer protection laws and compensation for any damages to consumers. In certain cases, certain of our funds or portfolio companies may also face investigations and/or sanctions by the Brazilian Federal Antitrust Agency (Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica), in the event our business practices are found to affect the competitiveness of the markets in which we operate.

In addition, certain of our funds and portfolio companies may also be subject to legal proceedings by current and/or former consumers alleging breaches of rights granted by the Consumer Protection Code. Even if unsuccessful, these claims may cause negative publicity, entail substantial expenses and divert the time and attention of our management or the management of certain of our portfolio companies, materially adversely affecting our results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to review by taxing authorities, and an incorrect interpretation by us of tax laws and regulations may have a material adverse effect on us.

Our activities require the use of estimates and interpretations of complex tax laws and regulations and are subject to review by taxing authorities. We and funds managed by us are subject to the income and investment tax laws of Brazil and the other jurisdictions in which we operate. These tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and relevant governmental taxing authorities, leading to disputes which are sometimes subject to prolonged evaluation periods until a final resolution is reached. In making investment decisions or in establishing a provision for income tax expense and filing returns, we must make judgments and interpretations about the application of these inherently complex tax laws. If the judgment, estimates and assumptions we use in making our investment decisions or in preparing our tax returns are subsequently found to be incorrect, there could be a material adverse effect on us. The interpretations of Brazilian taxing authorities and the other jurisdictions in which we operate are unpredictable and frequently involve litigation, which introduces further uncertainty and risk as to tax expense.

Infrastructure and workforce deficiency in Latin America may impact economic growth and have a material adverse effect on us.

Our performance depends on the overall health and growth of the Latin American economy, especially in Brazil. Brazilian GDP growth has fluctuated over the past few years, with contractions of 3.5% and 3.3% in 2015

 

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and 2016, respectively, followed by growth of 1.1% in both 2017 and 2018. In 2019, Brazilian GDP grew by 1.1% and in the six months ended June 30, 2020, Brazilian GDP contracted by 5.6% compared to the corresponding period in 2019. Growth is limited by inadequate infrastructure, including potential energy shortages and deficient transportation, logistics and telecommunication sectors, general strikes, the lack of a qualified labor force, and the lack of private and public investments in these areas, which limit productivity and efficiency. Additionally, despite the business continuity and crisis management policies currently in place, travel restrictions or potential impacts on personnel due to the COVID-19 pandemic may disrupt our business and the markets in which we operate. Any of these factors could lead to labor market volatility and generally impact income, purchasing power and consumption levels, which could limit growth and ultimately have a material adverse effect on us.

The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have a negative impact on global, regional and national economies, and we would be materially adversely affected by a protracted economic downturn.

The current COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have a negative impact on global, regional and national economies and to disrupt supply chains and otherwise reduce international trade and business activity. Reflecting this, the COVID-19 pandemic has already caused, since February 2020, the levels of equity and other financial markets to decline sharply and to become volatile, and such effects may continue or worsen in the future. This may in turn further impact the stock market and private equity markets in Brazil and elsewhere in Latin America, which are directly related to a substantial proportion of our operations, given that changes in fair value of the related assets and liabilities are recognized in our income statement. The market declines and volatility could negatively impact the value of such financial instruments causing us to incur losses as well as result in the postponement or cancellation of several mergers and acquisitions thereby reducing our fees, among others. The economic slowdown and market downturn could also negatively impact our portfolio companies and investment vehicles performance through lower demand for their products or services and higher than expected losses, potentially leading our investors to redirect investments away from us and to more traditional financial institutions, as well as reduced management fees from our asset management businesses, which are required to meet certain criteria to earn performance fees. The current COVID-19 pandemic and its potential impact on the global economy may affect our ability to meet our financial targets. While it is too early for us to predict the impacts on our business or our financial targets that the expanding pandemic, and the governmental responses to it, may have, we would be materially adversely affected by a protracted downturn in local, regional or global economic conditions.

Certain Factors Relating to Our Class A Common Shares and the Offering

There is no existing market for our common shares, and we do not know whether one will develop to provide you with adequate liquidity. If our share price fluctuates after this offering, you could lose a significant part of your investment.

Prior to this offering, there has not been a public market for our Class A common shares. If an active trading market does not develop, you may have difficulty selling any of our Class A common shares that you buy. We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in our company will lead to the development of an active trading market on the Nasdaq, or otherwise or how liquid that market might become. The initial public offering price for the Class A common shares will be determined by negotiations between us, the selling shareholder and the underwriters and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the open market following this offering. Consequently, you may not be able to sell our Class A common shares at prices equal to or greater than the price paid by you in this offering. In addition to the risks described above, the market price of our Class A common shares may be influenced by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

 

   

technological innovations by us or competitors;

 

   

the failure of financial analysts to cover our Class A common shares after this offering or changes in financial estimates by analysts;

 

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actual or anticipated variations in our operating results;

 

   

changes in financial estimates by financial analysts, or any failure by us to meet or exceed any of these estimates, or changes in the recommendations of any financial analysts that elect to follow our Class A common shares or the shares of our competitors;

 

   

announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts or acquisitions;

 

   

future sales of our shares; and

 

   

investor perceptions of us and the industries in which we operate.

In addition, the stock market in general has experienced substantial price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies affected. For example, in March 2020, the New York Stock Exchange halted trading on a number of occasions given fluctuations in the market. These broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our Class A common shares, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of certain companies’ securities, securities class action litigation has been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. If a market does not develop or is not maintained, the liquidity and price of our Class A common shares could be seriously harmed.

Patria Holdings will own all of our issued and outstanding Class B common shares, which represent approximately 94.1% of the voting power of our issued share capital following the offering, and will control all matters requiring shareholder approval. Patria Holdings’ ownership and voting power limits your ability to influence corporate matters.

Immediately following this offering, Patria Holdings will control our company and will not hold any of our Class A common shares, but will beneficially own 61.28% of our issued share capital (or 60.16% if the underwriters’ option to purchase additional Class A common shares is exercised in full) through its beneficial ownership of all of our issued and outstanding Class B common shares, and consequently, 94.1% of the combined voting power of our issued share capital (or 93.8% if the underwriters’ option to purchase additional Class A common shares is exercised in full). Our Class B common shares are entitled to 10 votes per share and our Class A common shares, which are the common shares we are offering in this offering, are entitled to one vote per share. Our Class B common shares are convertible into an equivalent number of Class A common shares and generally convert into Class A common shares upon transfer subject to limited exceptions. As a result, Patria Holdings will control the outcome of all decisions at our shareholders’ meetings, and will be able to elect a majority of the members of our board of directors. Patria Holdings will also be able to direct our actions in areas such as business strategy, financing, distributions, acquisitions and dispositions of assets or businesses. For example, Patria Holdings may cause us to make acquisitions that increase the amount of our indebtedness or outstanding Class A common shares, sell revenue-generating assets or inhibit change of control transactions that benefit other shareholders. Patria Holdings’ decisions on these matters may be contrary to your expectations or preferences, and Patria Holdings may take actions that could be contrary to your interests. Patria Holdings will be able to prevent any other shareholders, including you, from blocking these actions. For further information regarding shareholdings in our company, see “Principal and Selling Shareholder.”

So long as Patria Holdings continues to beneficially own a sufficient number of Class B common shares, even if Patria Holdings beneficially owns significantly less than 50% of our issued and outstanding share capital, Patria Holdings will be able to effectively control our decisions. For example, if our Class B common shares amounted to 10% of our issued and outstanding common shares, Patria Holdings would collectively control 52.6% of the voting power of our issued and outstanding common shares. If Patria Holdings sells or transfers any of its Class B common shares, such shares will generally convert automatically into Class A common shares, subject to limited exceptions, such as transfers to affiliates, to trustees for the holder or its affiliates and certain transfers to U.S. tax exempt organizations. The fact that any Class B common shares convert into Class A

 

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common shares if Patria Holdings sells or transfers them means that Patria Holdings will in many situations continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital, due to the voting rights of any Class B common shares that it retains. However, if our Class B common shares at any time represent less than 10% of the total number of shares in the capital of the Company outstanding, the Class B common shares then outstanding will automatically convert into Class A common shares. For a description of the dual class structure, see “Description of Share Capital.”

Upon the listing of our common shares on the Nasdaq, we will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the rules of the Nasdaq corporate governance rules and, as a result, will qualify for, and intend to rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. You will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.

Immediately after the completion of this offering, Patria Holdings will beneficially own all of our Class B common shares, representing 94.1% of the voting power of our outstanding share capital (or Class B common shares representing 93.8% of the voting power of our outstanding share capital if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional Class A common shares in full). As a result, we will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the Nasdaq corporate governance rules. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power in the election of directors is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements. For example, controlled companies, within one year of the date of the listing of their common shares:

 

   

are not required to have a board that is composed of a majority of “independent directors,” as defined under the rules of such exchange;

 

   

are not required to have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors; and

 

   

are not required to have a nominating and corporate governance committee that is composed entirely of independent directors.

Following this offering, we intend to utilize these exemptions. As a result, we do not expect a majority of the directors on our board will be independent upon the closing of this offering. Accordingly, you will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq.

We have granted the holder of our Class B common shares preemptive rights to acquire shares that we may sell in the future, which may impair our ability to raise funds.

Under our Memorandum and Articles of Association, the holder of our Class B common shares, Patria Holdings, is entitled to preemptive rights to purchase additional common shares in the event that there is an increase in our share capital and additional common shares are issued, upon the same economic terms and at the same price, in order to maintain its proportional ownership interests, which will be approximately 61.28% of our outstanding shares, respectively, immediately after this offering, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares. The exercise by the holder of our Class B common shares of their preemptive rights may impair our ability to raise funds, or adversely affect the terms on which we are able to raise funds, as we may not be able to offer to new investors the quantity of our shares that they may desire to purchase. For more information see “Description of Share Capital—Preemptive or Similar Rights.”

Class A common shares eligible for future sale may cause the market price of our Class A common shares to drop significantly.

The market price of our Class A common shares may decline as a result of sales of a large number of our Class A common shares in the market after this offering (including Class A common shares created upon

 

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conversion of Class B common shares) or the perception that these sales may occur. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

Following the completion of this offering, we will have outstanding 51,750,000 Class A common shares and 81,900,000 Class B common shares (or 54,247,500 Class A common shares and 81,900,000 Class B common shares, if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares). Subject to the lock-up agreements described below, the Class A common shares sold in this offering will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act by persons other than our affiliates within the meaning of Rule 144 of the Securities Act.

Our existing shareholders or entities controlled by them or their permitted transferees will, subject to the lock-up agreements described below, be able to sell their shares in the public market from time to time without registering them, subject to certain limitations on the timing, amount and method of those sales imposed by regulations promulgated by the SEC. If our controlling shareholders, the affiliated entities controlled by them or their permitted transferees were to sell a large number of Class A common shares, the market price of our Class A common shares may decline significantly. In addition, the perception in the public markets that sales by them might occur may also cause the trading price of our Class A common shares to decline.

We have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to offer, sell or dispose of any shares in our share capital or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares in our share capital during the 180-day period following the date of this prospectus. Our directors, executive officers and our existing shareholders have agreed to substantially similar lock-up provisions. However, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC may, in their sole discretion and without notice, release all or any portion of the shares from the restrictions in any of the lock-up agreements described above. In addition, these lock-up agreements are subject to the exceptions described in “Underwriting,” including the right for our company to issue new shares if we carry out an acquisition or enter into a merger, joint venture or strategic participation.

Sales of a substantial number of our Class A common shares upon expiration of the lock-up agreements, the perception that such sales may occur, or early release of these lock-up periods, could cause our market price to fall or make it more difficult for you to sell your Class A common shares at a time and price that you deem appropriate.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, the price of our Class A common shares and our trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class A common shares will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on our company. If no or too few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our Class A common shares would likely be negatively affected. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Class A common shares or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our Class A common shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our Class A common shares could decrease, which might cause the price of our Class A common shares and trading volume to decline.

We intend to pay dividends to holders of our common shares, but our ability to do so is subject to our results of operations, distributable reserves and solvency requirements; we are not required to pay dividends on our Class A common shares and holders of our Class A common shares have no recourse if dividends are not paid.

Our intention to pay to holders of common shares dividends representing approximately 85% of our Distributable Earnings is subject to adjustment as our board of directors determines to be necessary or

 

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appropriate to provide for the conduct of our business, to make appropriate investments in our business and our funds, to comply with applicable law, any of our debt instruments or other agreements, or to provide for future cash requirements such as tax-related payments, clawback obligations and dividends to shareholders for any ensuing quarter. The declaration and payment of any dividends are at the sole discretion of our board of directors, and may change at any time, including, without limitation, to eliminate such dividends entirely.

Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors (or by resolution passed by a simple majority of the voting rights entitled to vote at a general meeting) and will depend upon our results of operations, financial condition, distributable reserves, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our board of directors deems relevant. We are not required to pay dividends on our common shares, and holders of our common shares have no recourse if dividends are not declared. Our ability to pay dividends may be further restricted by the terms of any of our future debt or preferred securities. Additionally, because we are a holding company, our ability to pay dividends on our common shares may be limited by restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions to us, including restrictions that may be imposed under the terms of the agreements governing our funds and their portfolio companies indebtedness. There is no assurance that future dividends will be paid, and if dividends are paid, there is no assurance with respect to the amount of any such dividend. See “Dividends and Dividend Policy,” “Description of Share Capital—Dividends and Capitalization of Profits.”

Requirements associated with being a public company in the United States will require significant company resources and management attention.

This offering will have a significant transformative effect on us. Our business historically has operated as a privately owned company, and we expect to incur significant additional legal, accounting, reporting and other expenses as a result of having publicly traded Class A common shares. We will also incur costs which we have not incurred previously, including, but not limited to, costs and expenses for directors’ fees, increased directors’ and officers’ insurance, investor relations, and various other costs of a public company.

We also anticipate that we will incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some management and corporate governance activities more time-consuming and costly, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” These rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. This could have an adverse impact on our ability to recruit and bring on a qualified independent board.

The additional demands associated with being a public company may disrupt regular operations of our business by diverting the attention of some of our senior management team away from revenue-producing activities to management and administrative oversight, information disclosure, financial reporting and controls and corporate governance, which may adversely affect our ability to attract and complete business opportunities and may increase the difficulty in both retaining professionals and managing and growing our businesses. The ability to attract, recruit, develop and retain qualified employees and continue to strengthen our existing infrastructure and systems is critical to our success and growth. Any of these effects could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the public reporting obligations associated with being a public company in the United States may subject us to litigation as a result of increased scrutiny of our financial reporting. If we are involved in litigation regarding our public reporting obligations, this could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and management attention from our business and seriously undermine our business.

 

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Our dual class capital structure means our shares will not be included in certain indices. We cannot predict the impact this may have on our share price.

In 2017, FTSE Russell, S&P Dow Jones and MSCI announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices to exclude companies with multiple classes of common shares from being added to such indices. FTSE Russell announced plans to require new constituents of its indices to have at least five percent of their voting rights in the hands of public stockholders, whereas S&P Dow Jones announced that companies with multiple share classes, such as ours, will not be eligible for inclusion in the S&P 500, S&P MidCap 400 and S&P SmallCap 600, which together make up the S&P Composite 1500. MSCI also opened public consultations on their treatment of no-vote and multi-class structures and has temporarily barred new multi-class listings from its ACWI Investable Market Index and U.S. Investable Market 2500 Index. We cannot assure you that other stock indices will not take a similar approach to FTSE Russell, S&P Dow Jones and MSCI in the future. Under the announced policies, our dual class capital structure would make us ineligible for inclusion in any of these indices and, as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track these indices will not invest in our shares. These policies are new and it is unclear what effect, if any, they will have on the valuations of publicly traded companies excluded from the indices, but it is possible that they may depress these valuations compared to those of other similar companies that are included. Exclusion from indices could make our Class A common shares less attractive to investors and, as a result, the market price of our Class A common shares could be adversely affected.

The dual class structure of our share capital has the effect of concentrating voting control with Patria Holdings; this will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters.

Each Class A common share, which are the shares being sold in this offering, will entitle its holder to one vote per share, and each Class B common share will entitle its holder to ten votes per share, so long as the total number of the issued and outstanding Class B common shares is at least 10% of the total number of shares outstanding. Due to the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common shares, Patria Holdings, the beneficial owner of all of our Class B common shares will continue to control the voting power of our common shares and therefore be able to control all matters submitted to our shareholders so long as the total number of the issued and outstanding Class B common shares is at least 10% of the total number of shares outstanding.

In addition, our Articles of Association provide that at any time when there are Class A common shares in issue, additional Class B common shares may only be issued pursuant to (1) a share split, subdivision of shares or similar transaction or where a dividend or other distribution is paid by the issue of shares or rights to acquire shares or following capitalization of profits, (2) a merger, consolidation, or other business combination involving the issuance of Class B common shares as full or partial consideration or (3) an issuance of Class A common shares, whereby holders of the Class B common shares are entitled to purchase a number of Class B common shares that would allow them to maintain their proportional ownership interests in Patria (following an offer by us to each holder of Class B common shares to issue to such holder, upon the same economic terms and at the same price, such number of Class B common shares as would ensure such holder may maintain a proportional ownership interest in Patria pursuant to our Articles of Association).

Future transfers by holders of Class B common shares will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common shares, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected to permitted transferees or for estate planning or charitable purposes. The conversion of Class B common shares to Class A common shares will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common shares who retain their shares in the long term.

In light of the above provisions relating to the issuance of additional Class B common shares, the fact that future transfers by holders of Class B common shares will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common shares, subject to limited exceptions as provided in the Articles of Association; as well as the ten-to-one

 

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voting ratio of our Class B common shares and Class A common shares, holders of our Class B common shares will in many situations continue to maintain control of all matters requiring shareholder approval. This concentrated control will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future. For a description of our dual class structure, see “Description of Share Capital—Voting Rights.”

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability. The rights of our shareholders, including with respect to fiduciary duties and corporate opportunities, may be different from the rights of shareholders governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our Articles of Association and by the laws of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders and the responsibilities of members of our board of directors may be different from the rights of shareholders and responsibilities of directors in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions. In particular, as a matter of Cayman Islands law, directors of a Cayman Islands company owe fiduciary duties to the company and separately a duty of care, diligence and skill to the company. Under Cayman Islands law, directors and officers owe the following fiduciary duties:

 

(i)

duty to act in good faith in what the director or officer believes to be in the best interests of the company as a whole;

 

(ii)

duty to exercise powers for the purposes for which those powers were conferred and not for a collateral purpose;

 

(iii)

directors should not properly fetter the exercise of future discretion;

 

(iv)

duty to exercise powers fairly as between different sections of shareholders;

 

(v)

duty to exercise independent judgment; and

 

(vi)

duty not to put themselves in a position in which there is a conflict between their duty to the company and their personal interests.

With respect to the duty of directors to avoid conflicts of interest, our Articles of Association have modified the obligation mentioned above by providing that a director must disclose the nature and extent of his or her interest in any contract or arrangement, and following such disclosure and subject to any separate requirement under applicable law or the listing rules of the Nasdaq, and unless disqualified by the chairman of the relevant meeting, such director may vote in respect of any transaction or arrangement in which he or she is interested and may be counted in the quorum at the meeting. Conversely, under Delaware corporate law, a director has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its stockholders (made up of two components) and the director’s duties prohibit self-dealing by a director and mandate that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. See “Description of Share Capital—Principal Differences between Cayman Islands and U.S. Corporate Law.”

Our Articles of Association restrict shareholders from bringing legal action against our officers and directors.

Our Articles of Association contain a broad waiver by our shareholders of any claim or right of action, both individually and on our behalf, against any of our officers or directors. Subject to Section 14 of the Securities Act, which renders void any purported waiver of the provisions of the Securities Act, the waiver applies to any action taken by an officer or director, or the failure of an officer or director to take any action, in the performance of his or her duties, except with respect to any matter involving any dishonesty, willful default or fraud on the part of the officer or director. This waiver limits the right of shareholders to assert claims against our officers and directors unless the act or failure to act involves fraud or dishonesty.

 

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New investors in our Class A common shares will experience immediate and substantial book-value dilution after this offering.

The initial public offering price of our Class A common shares will be substantially higher than the pro forma net tangible book value per share of the outstanding Class A common shares immediately after the offering. Based on the initial public offering price of US$17.00 per share and our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2020, if you purchase our common shares in this offering you will pay more for your shares than the amounts paid by our existing shareholder for its shares and you will suffer immediate dilution of approximately US$14.59 per share in pro forma net tangible book value, after giving effect to the Share Split and an immediate dilution of approximately US$14.95 per share in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value, after giving effect to the aggregate amount of US$25.0 million in dividends paid to our shareholders on December 28, 2020 and the aggregate amount of US$23.3 million in dividends paid to our shareholders on January 21, 2021. As a result of this dilution, investors purchasing shares in this offering may receive significantly less than the full purchase price that they paid for the shares purchased in this offering in the event of a liquidation. See “Dilution.”

We may need to raise additional capital in the future by issuing securities, use our Class A common shares as acquisition consideration, or may enter into corporate transactions with an effect similar to a merger, which may dilute your interest in our share capital and affect the trading price of our Class A common shares.

We may need to raise additional funds to grow our business and implement our growth strategy through public or private issuances of common shares or securities convertible into, or exchangeable for, our common shares, which may dilute your interest in our share capital or result in a decrease in the market price of our common shares. In addition, we may also use our Class A common shares as acquisition consideration or enter into mergers or other similar transactions in the future, which may dilute your interest in our share capital or result in a decrease in the market price of our Class A common shares. Any capital raising through the issuance of shares or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares, the use of our Class A common shares as acquisition consideration, or the participation in corporate transactions with an effect similar to a merger, may dilute your interest in our shares or result in a decrease in the market price of our Class A common shares.

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our Class A common shares. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value. See “Use of Proceeds.”

As a foreign private issuer and an “emerging growth company” (as defined in the JOBS Act), we will have different disclosure and other requirements than U.S. domestic registrants and non-emerging growth companies.

As a foreign private issuer and emerging growth company, we may be subject to different disclosure and other requirements than domestic U.S. registrants and non-emerging growth companies. For example, as a foreign private issuer, in the United States, we are not subject to the same disclosure requirements as a domestic U.S. registrant under the Exchange Act, including the requirements to prepare and issue quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or to file current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events, the proxy rules applicable to domestic U.S. registrants under Section 14 of the Exchange Act or the insider reporting and short-swing profit rules applicable to domestic U.S. registrants under Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we intend to rely on exemptions from certain U.S. rules which will permit us to follow Cayman Islands legal requirements rather than certain of the requirements that are applicable to U.S. domestic registrants.

We will follow Cayman Islands laws and regulations that are applicable to Cayman Islands companies. However, Cayman Islands laws and regulations applicable to Cayman Islands companies do not contain any

 

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provisions comparable to the U.S. proxy rules, the U.S. rules relating to the filing of reports on Form 10-Q or 8-K or the U.S. rules relating to liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time, as referred to above.

Furthermore, foreign private issuers are required to file their annual report on Form 20-F within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation Fair Disclosure, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information, although we will be subject to Cayman Islands laws and regulations having substantially the same effect as Regulation Fair Disclosure. As a result of the above, even though we are required to furnish reports on Form 6-K disclosing the limited information which we have made or are required to make public pursuant to Cayman Islands law, or are required to distribute to shareholders generally, and that is material to us, you may not receive information of the same type or amount that is required to be disclosed to shareholders of a U.S. company.

The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, relax certain reporting requirements for emerging growth companies. Under this act, as an emerging growth company, we will not be subject to the same disclosure and financial reporting requirements as non-emerging growth companies. For example, as an emerging growth company we are permitted to, and intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Also, we will not have to comply with future audit rules promulgated by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, (unless the SEC determines otherwise) and our auditors will not need to attest to our internal controls under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We may follow these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. As a result, our shareholders may not have access to certain information that they deem important. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering, (b) in which we have total annual revenues of at least US$1.07 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Class A common shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700.0 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. Accordingly, the information about us available to you will not be the same as, and may be more limited than, the information available to shareholders of a non-emerging growth company. We could be an “emerging growth company” for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our Class A common shares held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700.0 million as of any June 30 (the end of our second fiscal quarter) before that time, in which case we would no longer be an “emerging growth company” as of the following December 31 (our fiscal year end). We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A common shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A common shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A common shares and the trading price of our Class A common shares may be more volatile.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to, and we will, rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, including the requirement that a majority of an issuer’s directors consist of independent directors. This may afford less protection to holders of our Class A common shares.

Section 5605 of the Nasdaq equity rules requires listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of their board members be independent, and to have independent director oversight of executive compensation, nomination of directors and corporate governance matters. As a foreign private issuer, however, we are permitted to, and we will, follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements. See “Description of Share Capital—Principal Differences between Cayman Islands and U.S. Corporate Law.”

 

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We may lose our foreign private issuer status which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act’s domestic reporting regime and cause us to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.

In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (a) more than 50% of our Class A common shares must be either directly or indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (b)(i) a majority of our executive officers or directors may not be U.S. citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of our assets cannot be located in the United States and (iii) our business must be administered principally outside the United States. If we lose this status, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and Nasdaq rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the costs we will incur as a foreign private issuer.

Our shareholders may face difficulties in protecting their interests because we are a Cayman Islands exempted company.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our Articles of Association, by the Companies Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under the laws of the Cayman Islands are not as clearly defined as under statutes or judicial precedent in existence in jurisdictions in the United States. Therefore, you may have more difficulty protecting your interests than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States, due to the comparatively less formal nature of Cayman Islands law in this area.

While Cayman Islands law allows a dissenting shareholder to express the shareholder’s view that a court sanctioned reorganization of a Cayman Islands company would not provide fair value for the shareholder’s shares, Cayman Islands statutory law does not specifically provide for shareholder appraisal rights in connection with a merger or consolidation of a company that takes place by way of a scheme of arrangement. This may make it more difficult for you to assess the value of any consideration you may receive in such a merger or consolidation or to require that the acquirer gives you additional consideration if you believe the consideration offered is insufficient. However, Cayman Islands statutory law provides a mechanism for a dissenting shareholder in a merger or consolidation that does not take place by way of a scheme of arrangement to apply to the Grand Court for a determination of the fair value of the dissenter’s shares if it is not possible for the company and the dissenter to agree on a fair price within the time limits prescribed.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies (such as us) have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records and accounts or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders. Our directors have discretion under our Articles of Association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Subject to limited exceptions, under Cayman Islands’ law, a minority shareholder may not bring a derivative action against the board of directors. Class actions are not recognized in the Cayman Islands, but groups of shareholders with identical interests may bring representative proceedings, which are similar.

We have anti-takeover provisions in our Articles of Association that may discourage a change of control.

Our Articles of Association contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us without the consent of our board of directors. These provisions provide for:

 

   

the ability of our board of directors to determine the powers, preferences and rights of preference shares and to cause us to issue the preference shares without shareholder approval; and

 

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a two-class common share structure, as a result of which Patria Holdings generally will be able to control the outcome of all matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets.

These provisions could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us, even if the third-party’s offer may be considered beneficial by many shareholders. As a result, shareholders may be limited in their ability to obtain a premium for their Class A common shares. See “Description of Share Capital” for a discussion of these provisions.

United States civil liabilities and certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, the majority of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. A substantial portion of the assets of these persons is located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. It may also be difficult to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors who are not resident in the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside of the United States.

We have been advised by our Cayman Islands Legal counsel, Maple and Calder, that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (i) to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any State; and (ii) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, to impose liabilities against us predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any State, to the extent that the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature. In those circumstances, although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands will recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given provided certain conditions are met. For a foreign judgment to be enforced in the Cayman Islands, such judgment must be final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum, and must not be in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, impeachable on the grounds of fraud or obtained in a manner, and or be of a kind the enforcement of which is, contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands (awards of punitive or multiple damages may well be held to be contrary to public policy). A Cayman Islands Court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

Judgments of Brazilian courts to enforce our obligations with respect to our Class A common shares may be payable only in reais. The exchange rate in force at the time may not offer non-Brazilian investors full compensation for any claim arising from our obligations.

Most of our assets are located in Brazil. If proceedings are brought in the courts of Brazil seeking to enforce our obligations in respect of our Class A common shares, we may not be required to discharge our obligations in a currency other than the real. Under Brazilian exchange control laws, an obligation in Brazil to pay amounts denominated in a currency other than the real may only be satisfied in Brazilian currency at the exchange rate, as determined by the Central Bank, in effect on the date (i) of actual payment, (ii) on which such judgment is rendered, or (iii) on which collection or enforcement proceedings are started against us, and such amounts are then adjusted to reflect exchange rate variations through the effective payment date. The then-prevailing exchange rate may not afford non-Brazilian investors with full compensation for any claim arising out of or related to our obligations under the Class A common shares.

 

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Our Class A common shares may not be a suitable investment for all investors, as investment in our Class A common shares presents risks and the possibility of financial losses.

The investment in our Class A common shares is subject to risks. Investors who wish to invest in our Class A common shares are thus subject to asset losses, including loss of the entire value of their investment, as well as other risks, including those related to our Class A common shares, us, the sector in which we operate, our shareholder structure and the general macroeconomic environment in Brazil, among other risks.

Each potential investor in our Class A common shares must therefore determine the suitability of that investment in light of its own circumstances. In particular, each potential investor should:

 

   

have sufficient knowledge and experience to make a meaningful evaluation of our Class A common shares, the merits and risks of investing in our Class A common shares and the information contained in this prospectus;

 

   

have access to, and knowledge of, appropriate analytical tools to evaluate, in the context of its particular financial situation, an investment in our Class A common shares and the impact our Class A common shares will have on its overall investment portfolio;

 

   

have sufficient financial resources and liquidity to bear all of the risks of an investment in our Class A common shares;

 

   

understand thoroughly the terms of our Class A common shares and be familiar with the behavior of any relevant indices and financial markets; and

 

   

be able to evaluate (either alone or with the help of a financial adviser) possible scenarios for economic, interest rate and other factors that may affect its investment and its ability to bear the applicable risks.

The Cayman Islands Economic Substance Act may affect our operations.

The Cayman Islands has recently enacted the International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act (2020 Revision), or the Cayman Economic Substance Act. We are required to comply with the Cayman Economic Substance Act. As we are a Cayman Islands company, compliance obligations include filing annual notifications for us, which need to state whether we are carrying out any relevant activities and, if so, whether we have satisfied economic substance tests to the extent required under the Cayman Economic Substance Act. As it is a relatively new regime, it is anticipated that the Cayman Economic Substance Act will evolve and be subject to further clarification and amendments. We may need to allocate additional resources to keep updated with these developments, and may have to make changes to our operations in order to comply with all requirements under the Cayman Economic Substance Act. Failure to satisfy these requirements may subject us to penalties under the Cayman Economic Substance Act.

The Cayman Islands Tax Information Authority shall impose a penalty of CI$10,000 (or US$12,500) on a relevant entity for failing to satisfy the economic substance test or CI$100,000 (or US$125,000) if it is not satisfied in the subsequent financial year after the initial notice of failure. Following failure after two consecutive years the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands may make an order requiring the relevant entity to take specified action to satisfy the economic substance test or ordering it that it is defunct or be struck off.

 

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PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

All references to “U.S. dollars,” “dollars” or “$” are to the U.S. dollar. All references to “real,” “reais,” “Brazilian real,” “Brazilian reais,” or “R$” are to the Brazilian real, the official currency of Brazil. All references to “IFRS” are to International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or the IASB.

Financial Statements

Patria, the company whose Class A common shares are being offered in this prospectus, was incorporated in Bermuda on July 6, 2007 as a limited liability exempted company and changed the jurisdiction of its incorporation to the Cayman Islands on October 12, 2020, registering by way of continuation as a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability duly registered with the Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies.

We maintain our books and records in U.S. dollars, the presentation currency for our financial statements and also our functional currency. See note 2(b) to our audited consolidated financial statements (as defined below), included elsewhere in this prospectus, for more information about our and our subsidiaries functional currency. We prepare our annual consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB and our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements in accordance with IAS 34, as issued by the IASB. Unless otherwise noted, our financial information presented herein for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 is stated in U.S. dollars, our reporting currency. The consolidated financial information of Patria contained in this prospectus is derived from its unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, and its audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, together with the notes thereto. All references herein to “our financial statements,” “our audited consolidated financial information,” “our audited consolidated financial statements,” and “our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements” are to Patria consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

This financial information should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Our fiscal year ends on December 31. References in this prospectus to a fiscal year, such as “fiscal year 2019,” relate to our fiscal year ended on December 31 of that calendar year.

Corporate Events

On December 1, 2020, we entered into a purchase agreement among Blackstone and certain of its affiliates, Messrs. Alexandre T. de A. Saigh, Olimpio Matarazzo Neto and Otavio Lopes Castello Branco Neto, or the Founders, and certain entities affiliated with the Founders, or the Founder Entities, and Patria Brazil, as part of a corporate reorganization pursuant to which (1) Patria Holdings acquired 100,000 of our common shares (prior to giving effect to the Share Split) (or 10% of our existing common shares) that were beneficially owned by Blackstone (the “Purchase”) and (2) the 19.6% non-controlling interest in Patria Brazil currently held by Blackstone and the 29.4% non-controlling interest in Patria Brazil currently held by one of the Founder Entities will be reorganized as follows (the “Roll-Up”): (i) the direct interest held by Blackstone in Patria Brazil will be contributed to us in exchange for three of our Class A common shares to be issued to Blackstone; and (ii) the direct interest held by such Founder Entity will be redeemed in its entirety at par value for a promissory note and one of the Founder Entities will contribute the promissory note to us, in consideration for which we will issue seven of our Class B common shares to Patria Holdings. We refer to these transactions collectively in this

 

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prospectus as our “corporate reorganization.” The Purchase closed on January 6, 2021 and the Roll-Up is expected to close in the first half of 2021. With respect to any dividend we pay in connection with the 2020 calendar year, we have agreed to pay the amount of such dividend relating to such 100,000 shares to Blackstone. Upon the consummation of our corporate reorganization, Patria Brazil will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Additionally, on January 13, 2021, we carried out a share split of 117.0:1, and as a result, our share capital represented by 1,000,000 shares was increased to 117,000,000 shares.

After accounting for the new Class A common shares that will be issued and sold by us in this offering and the Share Split, we will have a total of 133,650,000 common shares issued and outstanding immediately following this offering, 81,900,000 of these shares will be Class B common shares beneficially owned by Patria Holdings and an aggregate of 51,750,000 of these shares will be Class A common shares beneficially owned by investors purchasing in this offering and Blackstone (taken together). See “Principal and Selling Shareholder.”

The following chart shows our corporate structure and equity ownership, after giving effect to this offering and our corporate reorganization. This chart is provided for illustrative purposes only and does not show all of the legal entities:

 

 

LOGO

Special Note Regarding Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This prospectus presents our Fee Related Earnings and Distributable Earnings information. A non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined as one that purports to measure financial performance but excludes or includes amounts that would not be so adjusted in the most comparable IFRS measure.

Fee Related Earnings

Fee Related Earnings, or FRE, is a performance measure used to assess our ability to generate profits from revenues that are measured and received on a recurring basis. FRE is calculated as management, incentive and M&A and monitoring fees, net of taxes, less personnel and administrative expenses, amortization of placement

 

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agents and rebate fees, adjusted for the impacts of the Officers’ Fund – long-term benefit plan. FRE includes base compensation (salaries and wages) in fixed amounts and variable compensation in the form of discretionary cash bonuses, which are awarded based on each individual’s performance upon consideration of a number of qualitative and quantitative factors (comparing actual individual performance in influencing such factors with prior and anticipated performance), but which are not directly based upon revenues. Accordingly, there are no specific revenue amounts that relate to compensation components included in FRE. Incentive fees are realized performance-based fees coming from perpetual capital funds (i.e. open-ended funds) when the returns from such funds surpass the relevant benchmark for such fund, and are included in FRE because they represent a source of revenues that are measured and received on a recurring basis and are not dependent on realization events from the underlying investments within perpetual capital funds, although the amount of incentive fees may fluctuate based on the performance of perpetual capital funds relative to the relevant benchmark.

The table below presents more information on our FRE:

 

     For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
    For the Years Ended
December 31,
 
     2020     2019     Change     2019     2018     Change  
     (in US$ millions)  

Revenue from management fees

     83.2       78.1       5.1       104.9       104.1       0.8  

Revenue from incentive fees(1)

     0.1       12.9       (12.8     18.1       —         18.1  

Revenue from M&A and monitoring fees

     2.3       0.7       1.6       1.0       5.0       (4.0

Taxes on revenue—management fees

     (2.0     (2.2     0.2       (2.9     (2.7     (0.2

Taxes on revenue—incentive fees

     —         (1.4     1.4       (2.1     —         (2.1

Taxes on revenue—M&A and monitoring fees

     (0.3     (0.1     (0.2     (0.1     (0.7     0.6  

Personnel expenses(2)

     (21.6     (29.7     8.1       (36.9     (35.2     (1.7

Officers’ Fund—long-term benefit plan

     (0.1     (0.6     0.5       (1.0     0.5       (1.5

Amortization of placement agents and rebate fees

     (1.7     (1.7     —         (2.3     (2.3     —    

Administrative expenses

     (8.8     (9.9     1.1       (15.7     (17.9     2.2  

Fee Related Earnings (FRE)

     51.1       46.1       5.0       63.0       50.8       12.2  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(1)

Prior to 2019, we had no perpetual capital funds within our platform and therefore we did not receive incentive fees in 2018. In 2019, we converted our initial Constructivist Equity Fund (CEF) to a perpetual capital structure, creating our first perpetual capital fund strategy. In 2019, our CEF’s return over the benchmark was higher than expected as a result of the performance of its invested companies, surpassing the Ibovespa by 63.2 p.p. (from February 28, 2019 to December 31, 2019), with a gross compounded annualized return in Brazilian reais of 98.7%. In addition, our CEF outperformed the Ibovespa benchmark in previous years, and the past accumulated incentive fee revenue was recognized in 2019, when the fund structure was changed to perpetual. Consequently, we received an outsized incentive fee amount during such year. In the future, we expect to receive incentive fees semi-annually once required hurdles for each perpetual capital fund that we manage are reached.

(2)

Personnel expenses consist of (i) fixed compensation costs comprised of salaries and wages, (ii) variable compensation costs comprised of partners’ compensation, rewards and bonuses and employee profit sharing, (iii) social security contribution and payroll taxes and (iv) other short and long-term benefits.

We believe FRE is useful to investors because it provides additional insight into the operating profitability of our business and our ability to cover direct base compensation and operating expenses from total fee revenues. FRE is derived from and reconciled to, but not equivalent to, its most directly comparable GAAP measure of income before income tax. See “Summary Financial and other Information—Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations—Fee Related Earnings (FRE)” for our reconciliation of FRE.

 

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Distributable Earnings

Distributable Earnings, or DE, is used to assess our performance and capabilities to distribute dividends to shareholders. DE is calculated as FRE deducted by current income tax expense, plus net realized performance fees, net financial income/(expenses), and other income/(expenses). DE is derived from and reconciled to, but not equivalent to, its most directly comparable GAAP measure of net income. See “Summary Financial and other Information—Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations—Distributable Earnings (DE)” for our reconciliation of DE. The following table presents more information on our DE:

 

     For the Nine Months
Ended September 30,
    For the Years Ended
December 31,
 
     2020     2019     Change     2019     2018     Change  
     (in US$ millions)  

Revenue from management fees

     83.2       78.1       5.1       104.9       104.1       0.8  

Revenue from incentive fees

     0.1       12.9       (12.8     18.1       —         18.1  

Revenue from M&A and monitoring fees

     2.3       0.7       1.6       1.0       5.0       (4.0

Taxes on revenue—management fees

     (2.0     (2.2     0.2       (2.9     (2.7     (0.2

Taxes on revenue—incentive fees

     —         (1.4     1.4       (2.1     —         (2.1

Taxes on revenue—M&A and monitoring fees

     (0.3     (0.1     (0.2     (0.1     (0.7     0.6  

Personnel expenses

     (21.6     (29.7     8.1       (36.9     (35.2     (1.7

Officers’ Fund—long-term benefit plan

     (0.1     (0.6     0.5       (1.0     0.5       (1.5

Amortization of placement agents and rebate fees

     (1.7     (1.7     —         (2.3     (2.3     —    

Administrative expenses

     (8.8     (9.9     1.1       (15.7     (17.9     2.2  

Fee Related Earnings (FRE)

     51.1       46.1       5.0       63.0       50.8       12.2  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Revenue from performance fees

     —         —         —         4.8       —         4.8  

Taxes on revenue—performance fees

     —         —         —         (0.5     —         (0.5

Other income/(expenses)

     0.1       0.1       —         0.1       —         0.1  

Net financial income/(expense)

     —         0.1       (0.1     (0.2     —         (0.2

Current income tax expense

     (0.8     (2.2     1.4       (3.8     (1.2     (2.6

Distributable Earnings (DE)

     50.4       44.1       6.3       63.4       49.6       13.8  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

FRE and DE are measures of profitability and have certain limitations in that they do not take into account certain items included under IFRS. Such measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies and is not a measure of performance calculated in accordance with IFRS. FRE and DE should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income or other income data prepared in accordance with IFRS. The use of such measures without consideration of related IFRS measures is not adequate due to the adjustments described above. Our management compensates for these limitations by using FRE and DE as supplemental measures to IFRS results, to provide a more complete understanding of our performance as management measures it. A reconciliation of FRE and DE to their respective most directly comparable IFRS measure of income (loss) before income tax provision can be found in “Summary Financial and Other Information—Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations.”

Certain Terms Used in this Prospectus as KPIs to Measure Operating Performance

Assets Under Management, or AUM, refers to the total capital funds managed by us plus the investments directly made by others in the invested companies when offered by us as co-investments. In general lines, our AUM equals the sum of (i) the fair value of the investments of each one of the funds and co-investments; and (ii) unfunded capital, which is the difference between committed and called capital. NAV equals total assets minus total liabilities. Committed capital corresponds to the amount which investors have agreed to contribute to an investment fund. Called capital corresponds to the portion of the committed capital called by the fund to make investments or cover expenses, such as management fees.

 

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Our AUM measure includes Assets Under Management for which we charge either nominal or zero fees and indicates the size of our business and products. Our definition of AUM is not based on any definition of Assets Under Management contained in our operating agreement or in any of our fund management agreements. Given the differences in the investment strategies and structures among other alternative investment managers, our calculation of AUM may differ from the calculations employed by other investment managers and, as a result, this measure may not be directly comparable to similar measures presented by other investment managers. We believe this measure is useful to stockholders as it provides additional insight into our capital raising activities and the growth of the Company itself, as it illustrates the evolution of our business in terms of size, or assets under management, products, by allowing us to see the AUM by product, and ability to generate revenues.

FEAUM means our Fee Earning AUM and is measured as the total capital managed by us on which we derive management fees at a given time. Management fees are based on “net asset value,” “adjusted cost of all unrealized portfolio investments,” “capital commitments,” or “invested capital” plus “reserved capital” (if applicable), each as defined in the applicable management agreement.

Performance Revenue Eligible AUM means the portion of our AUM on which performance fees or incentive fees could be earned if certain targets are met. All funds for which we are entitled to receive a performance fee allocation or incentive fee allocation are included in Performance Revenue Eligible AUM.

Our non-realized performance fee means the current total expectation of cash inflow from performance fee related to our operational funds by the end of each period. In other words, the total non-realized performance fee balance at a given date represents the amount Patria would receive as performance fee if we could divest all of our invested companies at their marks/valuations at the same given date.

Market Share and Other Information

This prospectus contains data related to economic conditions in the market in which we operate. The information contained in this prospectus concerning economic conditions is based on publicly available information from third-party sources that we believe to be reasonable. Market data and certain financial services industry forecast data used in this prospectus were obtained from internal reports and studies, where appropriate, as well as estimates, market research, publicly available information (including information available from the United States Securities and Exchange Commission website) and financial services industry publications. We obtained the information included in this prospectus relating to the industry in which we operate, as well as the estimates concerning market shares, through internal research, public information and publications on the financial services industry prepared by official public sources, such as the Brazilian Central Bank, the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários), or CVM, the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), or the IBGE, the Brazilian Power Research Company (Empresa de Pesquisa Energetica), the Brazilian Association of Food Industries (Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Alimentos), the Bank for International Settlements, DERA/SEC, the Center for Advanced Studies on Applied Economics (Centro de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada), or CEPEA, the Luiz de Queiroz Agriculture College (Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz), or ESALQ, the Federal Reserve, the International Monetary Fund, the Brazilian Superintendence of Private Insurance (Superintendência de Seguros Privados), or SUSEP, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, or OECD, the World Bank, as well as private sources, such as the Alternative Credit Council, the Brazilian stock exchange (B3 S.A.—Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão), or B3, Bain & Company, Boston Consulting Group, or BCG, Brian & Company, CAIA Association, Cambridge Associates, Campden Wealth, the Economist Intelligence Unit, or EIU, Ernst & Young, or EY, the Financial Times newspaper, Greenhill, Hamilton Lane, ILOS—Logistics and Supply Chain Specialists, KPMG, McKinsey, Morningstar, Morgan Stanley, Oliver Wyman, Platforum research, Preqin, PricewaterhouseCoopers, or PwC, Reuters, The Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index, or BTI, the Brazilian Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (Associação Brasileira de Private Equity e Venture Capital), or ABVCAP, the Brazilian Financial and Capital Markets Association (Associação Brasileira das Entidades dos Mercados Financeiro e de Capitais), or ANBIMA, the

 

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Brazilian Association of Pension Funds (Associação Brasileira das Entidades Fechadas de Previdência Complementar), or ABRAPP, the Brazilian Economic Institute of Fundação Getulio Vargas (Instituto Brasileiro de Economia da Fundação Getulio Vargas), or FGV/IBRE, among others.

Market data used throughout this prospectus is based on management’s knowledge of the industry and the good faith estimates of management. All of management’s estimates presented are based on industry sources, including analyst reports and management’s knowledge. We also relied, to the extent available, upon management’s review of independent industry surveys and publications prepared by a number of sources and other publicly available information. We are responsible for all of the disclosure in this prospectus and we believe that each of the publications, studies and surveys used throughout this prospectus are prepared by reputable sources and are generally reliable, though we have not independently verified market and industry data from third-party sources. None of the publications, reports or other published industry sources referred to in this prospectus were commissioned by us or prepared at our request. We have not sought or obtained the consent of any of these sources to include such market data in this prospectus. All of the market data used in this prospectus involves a number of assumptions and limitations and therefore is inherently uncertain and imprecise, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. Projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industry in which we operate are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Risk Factors” in this prospectus. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in our estimates and beliefs and in the estimates prepared by independent parties.

Rounding

We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this prospectus. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that preceded them.

 

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains statements that constitute forward-looking statements. Many of the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus can be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “expect,” “should,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate” and “potential,” among others.

Forward-looking statements appear in a number of places in this prospectus and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our intent, belief or current expectations. Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to of various factors, including, but not limited to, those identified under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this prospectus. These risks and uncertainties include factors relating to:

 

   

the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on general economic and business conditions in Brazil, Latin America and globally and any restrictive measures imposed by governmental authorities in response to the outbreak;

 

   

our ability to implement, in a timely and efficient manner, any measure necessary to respond to, or reduce the impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business, operations, cash flow, prospects, liquidity and financial condition;

 

   

general economic, financial, political, demographic and business conditions in Latin America, as well as any other macroeconomic factors in the countries we may serve in the future and their impact on our business;

 

   

fluctuations in exchange rates, interest and inflation in Latin America and any other countries we may serve in the future;

 

   

our ability to find suitable assets for investment;

 

   

our ability to manage operations at our current size or manage growth effectively;

 

   

our ability to successfully expand in Latin America and other new markets;

 

   

the fact that we will rely on our operating subsidiaries to provide us with distributions to fund our operating activities, which could be limited by law, regulation or otherwise;

 

   

our ability to arrange financing and maintain sufficient levels of cash flow to implement our expansion plan;

 

   

our ability to adapt to technological changes in the financial services sector;

 

   

the availability of qualified personnel and the ability to retain such personnel;

 

   

our capitalization and our funds’ and portfolio companies’ level of indebtedness;

 

   

the interests of our controlling shareholders;

 

   

changes in the laws and regulations applicable to the private investment market in Brazil and in the other countries we operate;

 

   

risk associated with our Brazilian operations and our international operations;

 

   

our ability to compete and conduct our business in the future;

 

   

changes in our businesses;

 

   

government interventions, resulting in changes in the economy, taxes, rates or regulatory environment;

 

   

our ability to effectively market and maintain a positive brand image;

 

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the availability and effective operation of management information systems and other technology;

 

   

our ability to comply with applicable cybersecurity, privacy and data protection laws and regulations;

 

   

changes in client demands and preferences and technological advances, and our ability to innovate to respond to such changes;

 

   

our ability to attract and maintain the services of our senior management and key employees;

 

   

changes in labor, distribution and other operating costs;

 

   

our compliance with, and changes to, government laws, regulations and tax matters that currently apply to us;

 

   

other factors that may affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations; and

 

   

other risk factors discussed under “Risk Factors.”

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we do not undertake any obligation to update them in light of new information or future developments or to release publicly any revisions to these statements in order to reflect later events or circumstances or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

 

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds from our issuance and sale of 16,650,000 shares of our Class A common shares in this offering will be approximately US$255.4 million (or US$294.9 million if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares), and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

We intend to use the net proceeds from the primary portion of this offering to:

 

Use of Proceeds

   Estimated
Percentage of
Net Proceeds
    Estimated Net Amount(1)  
  Assuming no
exercise of
the
underwriters’
option to
purchase
additional
shares
     Assuming full
exercise of
the
underwriters’
option to
purchase
additional
shares
 
     (in percentage)     (in US$ million)  

Fund capital commitments to existing and new funds

     40     102.2        118.0  

Fund the expansion of our operations through acquisitions of asset managers, portfolios and distribution channels

     40     102.2        118.0  

General corporate purposes

     20     51.1        59.0  
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

     100     255.4        294.9  
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Assuming the initial public offering price of US$17.00 per share, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

While we constantly seek for investment opportunities, we are not committed to making any specific investment or acquisitions at this time. Although we currently anticipate that we will use the net proceeds from this offering as described above, there may be circumstances where a reallocation of funds is necessary. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures will depend upon numerous factors, including the factors described under “Risk factors” in this prospectus. Accordingly, our management will have flexibility in applying the net proceeds from this offering. An investor will not have the opportunity to evaluate the economic, financial or other information on which we base our decisions on how to use the proceeds.

Pending our use of the net proceeds from this offering, we intend to invest the net proceeds in a variety of capital preservation investments, including but not limited to short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments and U.S. government securities. No assurance can be given that we will invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that produces income or that does not result in a loss in value.

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling shareholder.

 

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DIVIDENDS AND DIVIDEND POLICY

The payment of dividends in the future will be within the discretion of our board of directors at such times. Accordingly, if we decide to pay dividends, the form, frequency and the amount of any distributions will depend on many factors such as our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, prospects and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors and, where applicable, our shareholders. See “Risk Factors—Certain Factors Relating to Our Class A Common Shares and the Offering—We intend to pay dividends to holders of our common shares but our ability to do so is subject to our results of operations, distributable reserves and solvency requirements; we are not required to pay dividends on our common shares and holders of our common shares have no recourse if dividends are not paid.” For further information on dividends, see “Description of Share Capital—Dividends and Capitalization of Profits.”

In the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, dividends paid to our shareholders were US$39.5 million, US$46.9 million and US$38.0 million, respectively.

Our intention is to pay to holders of common shares dividends representing approximately 85% of our Distributable Earnings, subject to adjustment as determined by our board of directors to be necessary or appropriate to provide for the conduct of our business, to make appropriate investments in our business and funds, to comply with applicable law, any of our debt instruments or other agreements, or to provide for future cash requirements such as tax-related payments, clawback obligations and dividends to shareholders for any ensuing quarter. The dividend amount could also be adjusted upwards or downwards. All of the foregoing is subject to the further qualification that the declaration and payment of any dividends are at the sole discretion of our board of directors and our board of directors may change our dividend policy at any time, including, without limitation, to reduce such dividends or even to eliminate such dividends entirely. For more information on Distributable Earnings, see “Summary Financial and other Information—Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations—Distributable Earnings (DE).”

Our ability to make dividends to our shareholders will depend on a number of factors, including among others general economic and business conditions, our strategic plans and prospects, our business and investment opportunities, our financial condition and operating results, including the timing and extent of our realizations, working capital requirements and anticipated cash needs, contractual restrictions and obligations including fulfilling our current and future capital commitments, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions, restrictions and other implications on the payment of dividends by us to holders of our common shares or payment of distributions by our subsidiaries to us and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant. Our ability to pay dividends is also subject to the availability of lawful funds therefor as determined in accordance with applicable law.

Certain Cayman Islands Legal Requirements Related to Dividends

Under the Companies Act and our Articles of Association, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either its profit or share premium account, but a dividend may not be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. According to our Articles of Association, dividends can be declared and paid out of funds lawfully available to us, which include the share premium account. Dividends, if any, would be paid in proportion to the number of common shares a shareholder holds. For further information, see “Taxation—Cayman Islands Tax Considerations.”

Any dividends we declare on our common shares will be in respect of our Class A and Class B common shares, and will be distributed such that a holder of one of our Class B common shares will receive the same amount of the dividends that are received by a holder of one of our Class A common shares. We will not declare any dividend with respect to the Class A common shares without declaring a dividend on the Class B common shares, and vice versa.

 

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We are a holding company and have no material assets other than our direct and indirect ownership of our operating subsidiaries. If we were to distribute a dividend at some point in the future, we would cause the operating subsidiaries to make distributions to us in an amount sufficient to cover any such dividends to the extent permitted by our subsidiaries’ financing agreements, if any.

 

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CAPITALIZATION

The table below sets forth our total capitalization (defined as long-term debt and total equity) as of September 30, 2020 (in each case, after giving effect to the Share Split), as follows:

 

   

on an actual basis;

 

   

as adjusted to give effect to the aggregate amount of US$25.0 million in dividends paid to our shareholders on December 28, 2020 and the aggregate amount of US$23.3 million in dividends paid to our shareholders on January 21, 2021; and

 

   

as further adjusted to give effect to the issuance and sale by Patria of the Class A common shares in this offering, and the receipt of approximately US$255.4 million in estimated net proceeds, considering the offering price of US$17.00 per Class A common share, after deduction of the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us in connection with this offering, and the use of proceeds therefrom (and assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares and placement of all offered Class A common shares).

Investors should read this table in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus, with the sections of this prospectus entitled “Selected Financial and Other Information,” with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and with other financial information contained in this prospectus.

 

     As of September 30, 2020  
     Actual      As
adjusted
for the
dividends
paid
     As further
adjusted
for
this
offering(1)
 
     (in US$ millions)  

Long-term debt

     —          —          —    

Total equity(2)

     90.1        41.8        297.2  

Total capitalization(2)(3)

     90.1        41.8        297.2  

 

(1)

As further adjusted to give effect to the issuance and sale by Patria of the Class A common shares in this offering, and the receipt of approximately US$255.4 million in estimated net proceeds, considering the offering price of US$17.00 per Class A common share, after deduction of the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us in connection with this offering, and the use of proceeds therefrom (and assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares and placement of all offered Class A common shares).

(2)

It includes non-controlling interest and represents the total equity available to the Company.

(3)

Total capitalization consists of long-term debt plus total equity.

 

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DILUTION

Prior to the consummation of this offering, Patria Holdings and Blackstone will hold all of our issued and outstanding shares.

As of September 30, 2020, Patria had a net tangible book value of US$66.4 million, corresponding to a net tangible book value of US$0.57 per share, after giving effect to the Share Split and an as adjusted net tangible book value of US$18.1 million, corresponding to an as adjusted net tangible book value of US$0.15 per share, after giving effect to the aggregate amount of US$25.0 million in dividends paid to our shareholders on December 28, 2020 and the aggregate amount of US$23.3 million in dividends paid to our shareholders on January 21, 2021. Net tangible book value represents the amount of our total assets less our total liabilities, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets, divided by 117,000,000, the total number of Patria shares outstanding as of September 30, 2020, after giving effect to the Share Split. The as adjusted net tangible book value represents the amount of our total assets less our total liabilities, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets, divided by 117,000,000, the total number of Patria shares outstanding as of September 30, 2020, after giving effect to the Share Split and to the aggregate amount of US$25.0 million in dividends paid to our shareholders on December 28, 2020 and the aggregate amount of US$23.3 million in dividends paid to our shareholders on January 21, 2021.

After giving effect to the sale of the Class A common shares offered by us in this offering, the aggregate amount of US$25.0 million in dividends paid to our shareholders on December 28, 2020, the aggregate amount of US$23.3 million in dividends paid to our shareholders on January 21, 2021 and the Share Split, and considering the offering price of US$17.00 per Class A common share, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value estimated as of September 30, 2020 would have been approximately US$273.6 million, representing US$2.05 per share. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of US$1.89 per share to the existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of US$14.95 per share to new investors purchasing Class A common shares in this offering. Dilution for this purpose represents the difference between the price per Class A common shares paid by these purchasers and net tangible book value per Class A common share immediately after the completion of this offering.

If you invest in our Class A common shares, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per Class A common share and the pro forma net tangible book value per Class A common share after accounting for the issuance and sale of new common shares in this offering.

Because the Class A common shares and Class B common shares of Patria have the same dividend and other rights, except for voting, preemption and conversion rights, we have counted the Class A common shares and Class B common shares equally for purposes of the dilution calculations below.

The following table illustrates this dilution to new investors purchasing Class A common shares in this offering.

 

As adjusted net tangible book value per share as of September 30, 2020 (after giving effect to the Share Split and dividends paid as described above)

   US$ 0.15  

Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to existing shareholders

   US$ 1.89  

Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering (after giving effect to the Share Split and dividends paid as described above)

   US$ 2.05  

Dilution per Class A common share to new investors

   US$ 14.95  

Percentage of dilution in net tangible book value per Class A common share for new investors

     88.0

The actual offering price per Class A common share is not based on the pro forma net tangible book value of our common shares, but will be established based through a book building process.

If the underwriters were to fully exercise the underwriters’ option to purchase 4,514,823 additional Class A common shares, the percentage of our common shares held by existing shareholders who are directors, officers or affiliated persons would be 60.2% and the percentage of our common shares held by new investors would be 25.4%.

 

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To the extent that we grant options to our employees in the future and those options are exercised or other issuances of common shares are made, there will be further dilution to new investors. See “Management—Long-Term Incentive Plan.”

 

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SELECTED FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

The following tables set forth, for the periods and as of the dates indicated, our selected financial and operating data. This information should be read in conjunction with “Presentation of Financial and Other Information,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The selected statements of financial position as of September 30, 2020 and the statements of income for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 have been derived from the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements of Patria included elsewhere in this prospectus, prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standard IAS No. 34 “Interim Financial Reporting,” or IAS 34. The selected statements of financial position as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and the selected statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 have been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Patria included elsewhere in this prospectus, prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB. Share and per share data in the table below has been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the Share Split.

 

     For the Nine
Months Ended
September 30,
    For the
Years Ended
December 31,
 
     2020     2019     2019     2018  
     (in US$ millions)  

Income Statement Data

        

Revenue from services

     83.3       88.0       123.2       105.7  

Cost of services rendered

     (26.0     (34.2     (43.0     (41.3

Personnel expenses

     (21.6     (29.7     (36.9     (35.2

Amortization of intangible assets

     (4.4     (4.5     (6.1     (6.1
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Gross profit

     57.3       53.8       80.2       64.4  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating income and expenses

     (8.7     (9.8     (15.6     (17.9

Administrative expenses

     (8.8     (9.9     (15.7     (17.9

Other income/(expenses)

     0.1       0.1       0.1       —    

Operating income before net financial income/(expense)

     48.6       44.0       64.6       46.5  

Net financial income/(expense)

     (0.1     0.1       (0.2     —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Income before income tax

     48.5       44.1       64.4       46.5  

Income tax

     (3.0     (2.7     (3.5     (2.0
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net income for the period/year

     45.5       41.4       60.9       44.5  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Owners of the Parent

     46.6       39.8       58.5       43.7  

Non-controlling interests

     (1.1     1.6       2.4       0.8  

Basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands) (after giving effect to the Share Split)(1)

     0.00039       0.00035       0.00052       0.00038  

 

(1)

The basic and diluted earnings per share have been restated considering the Share Split carried out on January 13, 2021.

 

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     As of
September 30,
    As of
December 31,
 
     2020     2019     2018  
     (in US$ millions)  

Balance Sheet Data:

      

Assets

      

Current assets

      

Cash and cash equivalents

     39.7       4.1       2.3  

Short term investments

     13.4       33.0       39.8  

Accounts receivable

     5.3       11.0       8.7  

Project advances

     2.3       6.4       6.5  

Other assets

     1.9       1.8       1.2  

Recoverable taxes

     0.5       0.4       0.6  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total current assets

     63.1       56.8       59.1  

Non-current assets:

      

Accounts receivable

     33.0       15.1       —    

Deferred tax assets

     2.5       6.0       5.9  

Project advances

     0.8       0.8       0.7  

Other assets

     0.3       0.5       0.5  

Long term investments

     2.6       3.7       21.8  

Property and equipment

     3.9       6.5       3.4  

Intangible assets

     23.7       25.5       31.5  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total non-current assets

     66.9       58.1       63.8  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total assets

     130.0       114.8       123.0  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Liabilities and Equity

      

Current liabilities

      

Personnel and related taxes

     9.8       14.1       12.2  

Taxes payable

     0.7       2.2       0.5  

Other liabilities

     3.1       2.7       9.4  

Unearned revenues

     21.0       —         —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total current liabilities

     34.6       19.0       22.2  

Non-current liabilities

      

Personnel liabilities

     1.7       1.5       1.6  

Deferred tax liabilities

     0.3       0.4       0.1  

Other liabilities

     3.3       5.1       21.5  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total non-current liabilities

     5.3       7.1       23.2  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total liabilities

     39.9       26.1       45.3  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Capital and reserves

      

Capital

     —         —         —    

Additional paid-in capital

     1.6       1.6       1.6  

Retained earnings

     96.2       85.5       72.9  

Cumulative translation adjustment

     (7.9     (5.9     (2.9
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Equity attributable to the owners of the Parent

     89.9       81.2       71.6  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Non-controlling interest

     0.2       7.6       6.0  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Equity

     90.1       88.8       77.6  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total liabilities and equity

     130.0       114.9       122.9  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements as of September 30, 2020 and for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, and audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus, as well as the information presented under “Presentation of Financial and Other Information,” “Summary Financial and Other Information” and “Selected Financial and Other Information.”

The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.”

Overview

We are one of the leading private markets investment firms in Latin America in terms of capital raised, with over US$8.7 billion raised since 2015 including co-investments. Preqin’s 2020 Global Private Equity & Venture Capital Report ranks us as the number one fund manager by total capital raised for private equity funds in the past 10 years in Latin America. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our assets under management, or AUM, was US$12.7 billion and US$14.7 billion, respectively, with 16 and 15 active funds, respectively, as of the same dates, and our investment portfolio was composed of over 55 and 50 companies and assets, respectively, as of the same dates. Our size and performance over our 32-year history also make us one of the most significant emerging markets-based private markets investments managers.

We seek to provide global and Latin American investors with attractive investment products that allow for portfolio diversification and consistent returns. Our investment approach seeks to take advantage of sizable opportunities in Latin America while mitigating risks such as macroeconomic and foreign exchange volatility. We do so by focusing on resilient sectors – largely uncorrelated with macroeconomic factors – driving operational value creation, and partnering with entrepreneurs and management teams to develop some of the leading platforms in the region. Our strategy, applied since 1994 in our flagship private equity products (US$7.2 billion and US$8.5 billion in AUM as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and in its 6th vintage) and since 2006 in our flagship infrastructure products (US$4.6 and US$4.8 billion in AUM as of September 30 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and in its 4th vintage), has generated solid returns and sustained growth. The consolidated equal-weighted net internal rate of return, or IRR, in U.S. dollars for all our flagship private equity and infrastructure products since inception was 28.3% and 28.8% as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively (30.1% and 30.7% in Brazilian reais, respectively). We have overseen the deployment of more than US$17.0 billion through capital raised by our products, capital raised in IPOs and follow-ons, debt raised by underlying companies and capital expenditures sourced from operational cash flow of underlying companies, with more than 90 investments and over 215 underlying acquisitions as of September 30, 2020.

Our successful track record derived from our strategy and our strong capabilities has attracted a committed and diversified base of investors, with over 300 Limited Partners, or LPs, across four continents, including some of the world’s largest and most important sovereign wealth funds, public and private pension funds, insurance companies, funds of funds, financial institutions, endowments, foundations, and family offices. We have built long-term and growing relationships with our LPs: as of September 30, 2020, more than 60% of our current LPs have been investing with us for over 10 years and approximately 80% of our capital raised came from LPs who invested in more than one of our products. We believe our strategy and team have benefited from the investment of our partner, The Blackstone Group Inc., one of the world’s leading investment firms, which has held a

 

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non-controlling interest in our firm since 2010. We believe our historical returns in U.S. dollars are particularly notable in view of the levels of currency volatility and our historically limited use of leverage, which, we also believe, made us better investors focused on value creation, strategy execution and operational excellence, with more limited reliance upon financial engineering.

Consistent with our entrepreneurial culture and our aim to provide attractive investment opportunities to our growing and progressively more sophisticated client base, we have applied our core competencies to develop other products around our strategy. From our initial flagship private equity funds, we developed other investment options, such as our successful infrastructure funds, co-investments funds (focused on successful companies from our flagship funds) constructivist equity funds (applying our private equity approach to listed companies), as well as other products based on our Brazil-specific products, such as our real estate and credit solutions funds.

As of September 30, 2020, we had 157 professionals, of which 46 were partners and directors, 20 of these working together for more than ten years, operating in ten offices around the globe, including investment offices in, Montevideo (Uruguay), São Paulo (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), and Santiago (Chile), as well as client-coverage offices in New York and Los Angeles (United States), London (United Kingdom), Dubai (UAE), and Hong Kong (China) to cover our LP base, in addition to our corporate business and management office in George Town (Cayman Islands).

Key Business Metrics

The following table sets forth our key business metrics as of and for the periods indicated. These supplemental business metrics are presented to assist investors to better understand our business and how it operates. This prospectus uses the terms AUM, FEAUM, Performance Revenue Eligible AUM, and non-realized performance fee, for which the definitions are presented below. We strongly advise that these measures may differ from the calculations of other companies, and as a result, may not be comparable to similar ones.

The following table presents certain key operating performance metrics for the periods indicated:

 

     For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
    For the Years Ended December 31,  
     2020      2019      Change     2019      2018      Change  
     (in US$ millions)  

Assets under management (AUM)

     12,733.1        13,801.7        (1,068.6     14,748.4        13,160.3        1,588.1  

Private Equity AUM

     7,196.7        7,917.1        (720.4     8,510.6        7,548.1        962.5  

Infrastructure AUM

     4,551.7        4,388.5        163.2       4,764.8        4,180.2        584.6  

Brazil-specific Products AUM

     984.7        1,496.1        (511.4     1,473.0        1,432.0        41.0  

Fee earning AUM

     7,548.0        5,955.9        1,592.1       6,869.5        5,844.8        1,024.7  

Private Equity AUM

     3,335.3        2,676.5        658.8       2,958.3        2,669.8        288.5  

Infrastructure AUM

     3,326.2        2,417.1        909.1       3,186.8        2,414.4        772.4  

Brazil-specific Products AUM

     886.5        862.3        24.2       724.4        760.6        (36.2

Performance revenue eligible AUM

     10,926.8        11,931.3        (1,004.5     12,480.9        11,746.4        734.5  

Private Equity AUM

     6,422.1        7,282.3        (860.2     7,460.9        7,299.7        161.2  

Infrastructure AUM

     3,877.6        3,734.1        143.5       4,071.2        3,579.9        491.3  

Brazil-specific Products AUM

     627.1        914.9        (287.8     948.8        866.8        82.0  

Non-realized performance fee

     60.7        223.6        (162.9     291.9        197.9        94.0  

Assets Under Management

Our AUM provides our operational size and market share perspective. AUM is the total capital funds managed by us plus the investments directly made by others in the invested companies (co-investments).

 

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The following table reflects the changes in our AUM from September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020:

 

     Private
Equity
     Infrastructure      Brazil-specific
Products
     Total  
     (in US$ millions)  

AUM as of September 30, 2019

     7,917.1        4,388.5        1,496.1        13,801.7  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

New capital raised

     —          1,056.2        131.6        1,187.8  

Valuation impact

     408.8        143.7        (226.8      325.7  

Divestments

     (851.6      (856.0      (44.9      (1,752.5

Funds capital variation

     752.0        576.5        0.5        1,329.0  

Exchange rate variation

     (1,029.6      (757.2      (371.8      (2,158.6
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

AUM as of September 30, 2020

     7,196.5        4,551.7        984.7        12,733.1  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Our AUM was US$12,733.1 million as of September 30, 2020, a decrease of US$1,068.6 million, compared to US$13,801.7 million as of September 30, 2019. The decrease in AUM was mainly due to divestments, primarily from our PE fund III, PE fund IV, Infra fund II and Infra fund III, and also due to exchange rate variations on our funds denominated in Brazilian reais. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in funds capital variation (mainly related to capital recycling and cash balances), new capital raisings (Infra IV and Credit funds) and valuation increase mainly from invested companies of Infra III and PE V Funds.

The following table reflects the changes in our AUM from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019:

 

     Private
Equity
     Infrastructure      Brazil-specific
Products
     Total  
     (in US$ millions)  

AUM as of December 31, 2018

     7,548.1        4,180.2        1,432.0        13,160.3  

New capital raised

     723.0        320.1        80.6        1,123.7  

Valuation impact

     696.3        558.5        (60.2      1,194.6  

Divestments

     (244.5      (154.2      (3.0      (401.7

Funds capital variation

     (78.8      (17.2      72.9        (23.1

Exchange rate variation

     (133.5      (122.6      (49.3      (305.4
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

AUM as of December 31, 2019

     8,510.6        4,764.8        1,473.0        14,748.4  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Our AUM was US$14,748.4 million as of December 31, 2019, an increase of US$1,588.1 million, compared to US$13,160.3 million as of December 31, 2018. The increase in AUM was attributable to new capital raised (Infra IV, SmartFit Co-Investment and Credit funds) and valuation increase mainly from invested companies of Infra III, PE IV and PE V Funds. These increases were partially offset by divestments, primarily from PE III, PE IV and Infra II, a decrease in funds capital variation (mainly related to expenses such as management fees, recycled capital and cash balance), and exchange variation on our funds denominated in Brazilian reais.

Fee Earning AUM

Our FEAUM assess our capability of generating recurring operating revenues. FEAUM is the total capital managed by us on which derive management fees.

 

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The following table reflects the changes in our FEAUM from September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020:

 

     Private
Equity
     Infrastructure      Brazil-specific
Products
     Total  
     (in US$ millions)  

FEAUM as of September 30, 2019

     2,676.5        2,417.1        862.3        5,955.9  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

New capital raised

     514.3        1,495.7        85.7        2,095.7  

Additional capital deployment

     270.3        14.1        76.0        360.4  

Inflation adjustment

     1.0        5.3        7.3        13.6  

Divestments

     (111.6      (180.1      (7.2      (298.9

Change to divestment period

     (0.1      (353.8      (162.8      (516.7

Exchange rate variation

     (15.1      (72.1      25.2        (62.0
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

FEAUM as of September 30, 2020

     3,335.3        3,326.2        886.5        7,548.0  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Our FEAUM was US$7,548.0 million as of September 30, 2020, an increase of US$1,592.1 million, compared to US$5,955.9 million as of September 30, 2019. This increase was driven by: (i) US$2,095.7 million in new capital raised for PE VI and Infra IV funds; (ii) US$360.4 million of additional capital deployed; and (iii) US$13.6 million due to inflation adjustment over our Brazilian funds’ fee earning AUM. This increase was partially offset by a decrease of: (i) US$298.9 million from divestments; (ii) US$516.7 million mainly due to the change from investment period to divestment period for our Infra III and RE III funds, by which the fee earning AUM changed from committed to deployed capital; and (iii) US$62.0 million resulting from foreign exchange variation over our FEAUM denominated in Brazilian reais.

The following table reflects the changes in our FEAUM from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019:

 

     Private
Equity
     Infrastructure      Brazil-specific
Products
     Total  
     (in US$ millions)  

FEAUM as of December 31, 2018

     2,669.8        2,414.4        760.6        5,844.8  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

New capital raised

     132.0        800.9        —          932.9  

Additional capital deployment

     158.6        1.1        94.2        253.9  

Inflation adjustment

     2.2        10.0        15.9        28.1  

Divestments

     (2.0      (28.4      (1.4      (31.8

Change to divestment period

     (0.1      —          (126.6      (126.7

Exchange rate variation

     (2.2      (11.2      (18.3      (31.7
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

FEAUM as of December 31, 2019

     2,958.3        3,186.8        724.4        6,869.5  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Fee earning AUM was US$6,869.5 million as of December 31, 2019, an increase of US$1,024.7 million, compared to US$5,844.8 million as of December 31, 2018. This increase was driven by: (i) US$932.9 million due to new capital raised for PE VI and Infra IV funds; (ii) US$253.9 million due to additional invested capital; and (iii) US$28.1 million due to inflation adjustment over our Brazilian funds’ fee earning AUM. This increase was partially offset by: (i) US$31.8 million from divestments; (ii) US$126.7 million due to the change from investment period to divestment period for our RE III fund, by which the fee earning AUM changed from committed to deployed capital; and (iii) US$31.7 million of exchange variation over our FEAUM denominated in Brazilian reais.

Performance Revenue Eligible AUM

Performance Revenue Eligible AUM, or PREAUM, measures our capability of generating performance based revenues and/or incentive fees. It represents the total capital at fair value, on which performance revenues and/or incentive fees could be earned if certain hurdles are met.

 

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The following table reflects the changes in our PREAUM from September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020:

 

     Private
Equity
     Infrastructure      Brazil-specific
Products
     Total  
     (in US$ millions)  

PREAUM as of September 30, 2019

     7,282.3        3,734.1        914.9        11,931.3  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

New capital raised

     —          938.7        —          938.7  

Valuation impact

     354.8        135.4        (76.7      413.5  

Divestments

     (802.9      (695.8      (21.3      (1,520.0

Funds capital variation

     586.5        375.4        (7.2      954.7  

Exchange rate variation

     (998.6      (610.2      (182.6      (1,791.4
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

PREAUM as of September 30, 2020

     6,422.1        3,877.6        627.1        10,926.8  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Our PREAUM was US$10,926.8 million as of September 30, 2020, a decrease of US$1,004.5 million, compared to US$11,931.3 million as of September 30, 2019. In comparison to the AUM, the overall adjustments are related to the elimination of the assets do not generate performance fees.

The following table reflects the changes in our PREAUM from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019:

 

     Private
Equity
     Infrastructure      Brazil-specific
Products
     Total  
     (in US$ millions)  

PREAUM as of December 31, 2018

     7,299.7        3,579.9        866.8        11,746.4  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

New capital raised

     —          317.3        80.6        397.9  

Valuation impact

     593.1        447.2        20.3        1,060.6  

Divestments

     (204.5      (143.3      (1.0      (348.8

Funds capital variation

     (104.0      (27.4      5.9        (125.5

Exchange rate variation

     (123.5      (102.5      (23.8      (249.8
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

PREAUM as of December 31, 2019

     7,460.8        4,071.2        948.8        12,480.9  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Our PREAUM was US$12,480.9 million as of December 31, 2019, an increase of US$734.4 million, compared to US$11,746.4 million as of December 31, 2018. In comparison to the AUM, the overall adjustments are related to the elimination of the assets which are not eligible for performance fee provision. The increase in new capital raised and the decrease in funds capital variation are primarily a result of the exclusion of the SmartFit Co-Investment from our PREAUM.

Non-Realized Performance Fee

Our non-realized performance fee measures the current total expectation of cash inflow from performance fee related to our operational funds by the end of each period.

 

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The following table reflects the changes in our non-realized performance fee from September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020:

 

     (in US$
millions)
 

Non-realized performance fee as of September 30, 2019

     223.6  
  

 

 

 

Private Equity Fund III

     (19.4

Private Equity Fund IV

     (67.5

Private Equity Fund V

     (30.5

Infrastructure II

     (0.2

Infrastructure III

     (45.3

Agribusiness I

     —    
  

 

 

 

Non-realized performance fee as of September 30, 2020

     60.7  
  

 

 

 

Our non-realized performance fee was US$60.7 million on September 30, 2020, a decrease of US$162.9 million, compared to US$223.6 million on September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to the depreciation of the Brazilian real against the U.S. dollar in the period.

The following table reflects the changes in our non-realized performance fee from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019:

 

     (in US$
millions)
 

Non-realized performance fee as of December 31, 2018

     197.9  
  

 

 

 

Private Equity Fund III

     (3.2

Private Equity Fund IV

     20.4  

Private Equity Fund V

     42.4  

Infrastructure II

     0.1  

Infrastructure III

     34.1  

Agribusiness I

     0.1  
  

 

 

 

Non-realized performance fee as of December 31, 2019

     291.8  
  

 

 

 

Our non-realized performance fee was US$291.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of US$93.9 million, compared to US$197.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. This increase was primarily attributable to better performance of the investments of the funds, partially offset by the realization of performance fee from our Private Equity Fund III.

Significant Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe that our results of operations and financial performance will be driven by the following trends and factors:

Business Conditions

Our operating revenues consist mainly of management, performance and incentive fees. Our ability to grow our revenues depends in part on our ability to attract new capital and investors, our successful deployment of capital and our ability to realize investments at a profit.

The attractiveness of private markets. As a private markets investment firm, our results of operations are affected by the growth of this industry. According to Preqin, AUM across private markets (excluding hedge

 

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funds and funds of funds) reached an all-time high of US$7.3 trillion in 2019, almost doubling since 2014. On average, private markets’ AUM grew at a CAGR of approximately 13.4% in the last five years (please see the chart titled “Private Markets – AUM by fund type (US$ trillion) | World” in “Industry—Global Private Markets” for details on private markets’ AUM growth curve). The solid growth of investments in private markets, both in Brazil and Latin America as well as globally, has been driven by some secular trends that we believe will continue to boost investor’s allocation to the industry, which include (i) significant liquidity available in financial markets, (ii) the search for higher returns from institutional investors, (iii) family offices, private banks and HNWIs seeking higher yields, (iv) consistent outperformance of private markets compared to public markets, and (v) development of liquidity alternatives. Additionally, LPs currently allocate below their targets to private markets as supported by Bain & Co.’s Private Equity Report 2020, which notes that approximately 50% of LPs were below target allocation to private equity in 2019, and Preqin’s Future of Alternatives 2020 study, which states that institutional investors in general plan to increase allocations across most major asset classes, including private equity, private debt, infrastructure, and real estate. According to the same Preqin study, private markets AUM is expected to reach US$12.9 trillion by 2025 with a 12.4% CAGR from 2020 to 2025. For additional information regarding our industry, see “—Industry.”

Our ability to attract new capital and investors. Our ability to attract new capital and investors in our funds is driven, in part, by the extent to which they continue to see the alternative asset management industry generally, and our investment products specifically, as an attractive vehicle for capital appreciation or income. Since 1994, we have expanded from our initial flagship private equity funds, to other investment options, such as our flagship infrastructure funds (creating value through growth and development strategies), our co-investments funds (focused on successful companies from our flagship funds), our constructivist equity funds (applying our private equity approach to listed companies), as well as our real estate and credit funds. Within our strategies, we are currently working to increase the share of perpetual capital in our AUM through listed funds. Regarding the performance of our products, the consolidated equal-weighted net IRR in U.S. dollars since inception for all our flagship private equity and infrastructure products, which represent approximately 90% of our AUM, was 28.3% as of September 30, 2020. Additionally, we have developed an efficient proprietary global institutional distribution structure, attracting top global investors, and we are working to expand our reach to new investors, globally and locally, including retail and high net worth individuals. Once capital is raised, our funds represent a contracted long-term revenue stream leading to the predictability of our management fee based results, given that most of our funds are closed-ended and have an investment period of six years. Thus, investors are not able to redeem or withdraw their investment in advance, but are able to sell their interest to other qualified investors in what would be illiquid markets, given applicable regulatory restrictions to invest in our funds. However, capital raising continues to be competitive. Therefore, while our flagship funds have exceeded the size of their respective predecessor funds, there is no assurance that our future flagship products or our other newer products will experience similar success. If we are unable to successfully raise comparably sized or larger funds, our AUM, our FEAUM and associated fees attributable to new capital raised in future periods may be lower than in prior years. See “Risk Factors—Certain Factors Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our asset management business depends in large part on our ability to raise capital from third-party investors. A failure to raise capital from third party investors on attractive fee terms or at all, would impact our ability to collect management fees or deploy such capital into investments and potentially collect performance allocations, which would materially reduce our revenue and cash flow and adversely affect our financial condition.”

Our ability to successfully deploy capital. Our ability to maintain and grow our revenue base is dependent upon our ability to successfully deploy the capital available to us and participate in capital markets transactions. As of September 30, 2020, we have overseen the deployment of more than US$17.0 billion through capital raised in more than 90 investments and approximately 215 underlying acquisitions, comprised of: (i) capital raised through our products, (ii) capital raised by underlying companies in primary offerings in IPOs and follow-ons, (iii) debt raised by underlying companies and (iv) capital expenditures sourced from operational cash flow of underlying companies. In this respect, capital raised through our products directly increases our AUM, whereas capital raised or expended by underlying companies does not affect our AUM. We believe that private markets are still a developing industry where we operate, and that there are significant market opportunities for us to

 

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deploy our investment strategies. The growing number of sectors in which we specialize currently represent over one-third of Latin America’s GDP, or approximately US$2.0 trillion. Nevertheless, greater competition, high valuations, increased overall cost of credit and other general market conditions may impact our ability to identify and execute attractive investments. Additionally, because we seek to make investments that have an ability to achieve our targeted returns while taking on a reasonable level of risk, we may experience periods of reduced investment activity. We have a long-term investment horizon and the capital deployed in any one quarter may vary significantly from the capital deployed in any other quarter or the quarterly average of capital deployed in any given year. Reduced levels of transaction activity also tend to result in reduced potential future investment gains, lower transaction fees and lower fees for our product lines which may earn fees based on deployed capital.

Our ability to realize investments. Challenging market, political and economic conditions, particularly in emerging markets, may adversely affect our ability to exit and realize value from our investments and result in lower-than-expected returns and performance fees. Although the equity markets are not the only means by which we exit investments, the strength and liquidity of the relevant Latin American or global equity markets generally, and the initial public offering market specifically, affect the valuation of, and our ability to successfully exit, our equity positions in our private equity portfolio companies in a timely manner. For example, primarily as a result of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our portfolio companies and the depreciation of the real against the U.S. dollar, our non-realized performance fee balance, which measures our current total expectation of cash inflow from performance fee related to our operational funds by the end of each period, decreased from US$292 million in December 31, 2019 to US$61 million in September 30, 2020. Regarding initial public offerings, in September 2020, for example, we have concluded the IPO of Hidrovias do Brasil, representing one of the largest IPOs in Latin America’s largest stock exchange market in 2020. We may also realize investments through strategic sales. In the first quarter of 2020, for example, we divested Argo to a strategic buyer generating a gross multiple of invested capital, or MOIC, of 4.4x and a gross IRR of 74.2% both in U.S. dollars. However, when financing is not available or becomes too costly, it may be more difficult to find a buyer that can successfully raise sufficient capital to purchase our investments. In addition, our ability to realize investments also affects our ability to attract new capital and investors, who may focus on our divestment track record in evaluating the attractiveness of our investment products.

Other business conditions that can impact our operating results include (i) the increase of regulatory requirements which could restrict our operations and/or subject us to increased compliance or administrative costs, (ii) unpredictable macroeconomic conditions including political scenarios and interest rates, and (iii) our ability to sustain our competitive advantages.

Foreign Exchange Rates

Foreign exchange rates may impact our results, considering that part of our revenues and expenses are in currencies other than U.S. dollars. In the nine months ended September 30, 2020, 78% of our revenues and 28% of our expenses were denominated in U.S. dollars. See notes 5 and 20 to our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. In 2019 and 2018, 71% and 81% of our revenues and 38% and 39% of our expenses were denominated in U.S. dollars, respectively. See notes 5 and 19 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

In addition, foreign exchange rates may have a substantial impact on the valuations of our investments which are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Our gradual and disciplined portfolio construction, one of the foundations of our investment approach, aims to mitigate currency impacts to investment performance, as the gradual capital deployment helps to average out foreign exchange fluctuations over the long-term. Currency volatility can also affect our businesses and investments that deal in cross-border trade. The appreciation or depreciation of the U.S. dollar is expected to contribute to a decrease or increase, respectively, in the U.S. dollar value of our non-U.S. investments to the extent unhedged. Having investments in multiple currencies across Latin America can be a mitigation factor itself. Moreover, when selecting investments for our

 

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funds that are denominated in U.S. dollars, an appreciating U.S. dollar may create opportunities to invest at more attractive U.S. dollar prices in certain countries outside of the United States, while a depreciating U.S. dollar would be expected to have the opposite effect. For our investments denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the depreciation in such currencies will generally contribute to the decrease in the valuation of such investments, to the extent unhedged, and adversely affect the U.S. dollar equivalent revenues of portfolio companies with substantial revenues denominated in such currencies, while the appreciation in such currencies would be expected to have the opposite effect. Any negative impact on the valuation of our investments on a U.S. dollar basis would negatively affect our ability to receive performance and incentive fees. For additional information regarding our foreign exchange rate risk, see “—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk—Foreign Exchange Risk.”

Inflation Rates

We do not believe that inflation had a significant impact on our results of operations for any periods presented herein.

Latin American Macroeconomic Environment

Our investment approach has developed since 1994 with a view towards producing consistent risk-adjusted returns across vintages and cycles, notwithstanding volatility from time to time in Latin American political and macroeconomic contexts.

Latin America has a total GDP of US$5.7 trillion, approximately 646 million inhabitants, with an average GDP per capita of US$8,847 and average real growth of nearly 3% per annum over the past 15 years. Important industries have consolidated their presence in the region and acquired scale, the most notable being community and financial services, retail, manufacturing, transportation and communication, construction, agribusiness and mining. We believe that the region has a large and vibrant consumer market. In most countries an increasingly large proportion of the population is experiencing material gains in purchasing power and is being provided with augmented credit facilities, a trend that can be observed even with short-term episodes of economic downturn. Consumer patterns are therefore shifting towards more sophisticated products and services, a phenomenon that calls for enhanced business infrastructure, upgraded human capital and improved real estate facilities, among other requirements, to meet these demands.

Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America, as measured by GDP, and we therefore have historically carried out the majority of our investments in Brazil. As a result, our revenues and profitability are affected by political and economic developments in Brazil and the effect that these factors have on the availability of credit, disposable income, employment rates and average wages in the country. Our operations in Brazil, and the financial services industry in general, are particularly sensitive to changes in Brazilian economic conditions. The real/U.S. dollar exchange rate reported by the Central Bank was R$5.197 per US$1.00 on December 31, 2020, which reflected a 29% depreciation of the real against the U.S. dollar during 2020 due primarily to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Brazilian economy. As of January 20, 2021, the real/U.S. dollar exchange rate reported by the Central Bank was R$5.303 per US$1.00, a depreciation of 2% of the real since December 31, 2020. There can be no assurance that the real will not appreciate or depreciate against the U.S. dollar or other currencies in the future.

As for the business cycle, the Latin American region experienced a substantial slowdown after the end of the commodity super-cycle and poorer economic policies in large economies, notably Brazil. The real rate of GDP growth across Latin America trended down from growth of 6.1% in 2010 to a 0.6% contraction in 2016. From then on, however, a combination of new governments pursuing better policies, further stabilizing reforms and improving terms of trade, has produced a gradual turnaround. Gradual economic expansion has been taking place since 2017 and we believe that it will gather momentum over the next years, even with the recent market

 

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declines and increased volatility caused by COVID-19. As a consequence of steady progress in the economic and political agenda in key Latin American countries, such as Brazil, we believe that there is room for additional economic growth over the next decades in the region, together with improvements in socioeconomic inclusion and the stability of institutions in the region. We would also note that our funds’ invested companies’ activities in Argentina, which include certain assets owned by ATIS, a wireless telecom infrastructure provider. These investments are not material to the operations or results of our funds’ invested companies or us and we have not experienced any material losses, defaults or collection issues associated with these investments.

Cybersecurity, Fraud and Regulatory Compliance Costs

Fundamentally, our society is more technologically reliant than ever before and sensitive information more likely to be accessed and stored in cloud storage services. Governments around the world have brought more attention to cybercrimes and have increased the reputational damage of data breaches by forcing all organizations to communicate data breaches, to appoint a data protection officer, to require user consent to process information and anonymizing data for privacy. Regulations and laws in Europe (GDPR) and Brazil (LGPD) are examples of a global trend towards increasing emphasis on data security and public disclosure of data breaches.

Driven by global connectivity and usage of cloud services to store sensitive data, which includes the company and its clients’ confidential information, our cybersecurity protection measures have increased, which may impact our operating costs and IT investments strategy. Our information technology related costs have increased 10% per annum from 2017 to 2019 compared to an increase of 4% per annum for other operating expenses, with similar corresponding increases in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. We believe this trend towards higher technology costs will continue for the years to come.

Description of Principal Line Items

Net revenue from services

Our net revenue from services relating to our private equity, infrastructure, and Brazil-specific products, consists of (i) management fees, (ii) performance fees, (iii) incentive fees, (iv) M&A advisory fees and (v) monitoring fees, net of taxes on revenues.

Management fees primarily relate to management of a fund in our portfolio, and are calculated as a fixed percentage over the committed capital and/or the deployed capital for each one of the funds following the relevant limited partnership agreement, or LPA.

Our PREAUM represents the total capital at fair value on which performance fees and/or incentive fees can be earned if certain hurdles are met. Performance fees and incentive fees are primarily generated when the returns of our funds surpass the performance hurdle set out in the related charters. Performance fees relate to realized performance coming from closed-ended funds which occur upon realization of the assets. Incentive fees are realized performance-based fees coming from perpetual capital funds which occur on a recurring basis and do not require a realization event from the underlying funds. These fees are realized when the returns from perpetual capital funds surpass the relevant benchmark for such funds over a fixed time period.

M&A advisory and monitoring revenues primarily relate to services provided to the funds’ invested companies; the former relates to support on M&A acquisitions and the latter refers to value-creation ongoing consulting services.

Cost of services rendered

Our cost of services rendered is comprised of personnel expenses and placement agent fees.

 

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Personnel expenses consist of (i) fixed compensation costs comprised of salaries and wages, (ii) variable compensation costs comprised of partners’ compensation, rewards and bonuses and employee profit sharing, (iii) social security contribution and payroll taxes and (iv) other short and long-term benefits. See “Business—People & Career” and “Management—Compensation of Directors and Officers.”

Placement agent fees are comprised of costs related to the capital raising processes, and can be classified as: (i) placement fees – comprising a percentage of the amount raised, or a fixed amount paid upfront and amortized over the duration of the fund’s existence; and (ii) rebate fees – comprising a percentage of the management fee paid to the placement agent during the life of the fund.

Operating income and expenses

Our operating income and expenses are comprised of administrative expenses and other income/(expenses).

Administrative expenses mainly consist of professional services, occupancy expenses, travel expenses, expenses on utilities, IT and telecom services, materials and supplies, taxes and contributions, marketing expenses, depreciation of property and equipment, amortization of goodwill, and certain other administrative expenses.

Other income/(expenses) mainly consist of non-operating or recurring provisions, net losses on sale or disposal of property, equipment and intangible assets, recoverable taxes from previous years, and certain other income or expenses.

Net financial income/(expense)

Financial income is mainly composed of interest on highly liquid investments and foreign exchange gains in monetary items. Financial expenses include interest, foreign exchange losses in monetary items, banking costs and taxes on financial transactions, recognized on an accrual basis.

Income tax

As an entity originally headquartered in Bermuda, then moving our headquarters to the Cayman Islands as of October 12, 2020, we are subject to a special tax regime that exempts Patria from any income taxes. However, our subsidiaries outside the Cayman Islands may be subject to income tax and/or social contribution in the countries they are organized. See note 29 to our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and note 4.k to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Net income for the year

Net income for the year consists of the sum of Revenue from services and Net financial income minus the Costs of services rendered, Operating expenses and Income tax.

 

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Results of Operations

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020, Compared to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019

The following table sets forth our income statement data for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and the corresponding period of 2019:

 

     For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
     2020      2019      Variation
(%)
 
     (in US$ millions, except
for percentages)
 

Income Statement Data:

        

Revenue from services

     83.3        88.0        (5.3 )% 

Cost of services rendered

     (26.0      (34.2      (24.0 )% 

Personnel expenses

     (21.6      (29.7      (27.3 )% 

Amortization of intangible assets

     (4.4      (4.5      (2.2